Main Article Content
Abstract
This research problematizes the law of interfaith marriage in Indonesia and its application. By presenting some cases of interfaith marriages that occurred during 2022, through literature searches and media reports, this research shows the tendency of violations of human rights, particularly the right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB), especially by using the argument of the Marriage Law No. 1, 1974. This study found that marriage law in Indonesia does not provide legal certainty for interfaith marriages, thus allowing certain groups to discriminate against interfaith couples accessing legal marriages. Furthermore, this research argues that one way to make marriage law in Indonesia inclusive is to use the human rights paradigm as the basis for formulating marriage law.
Keywords
Interfaith MarriageHuman RightsFreedom of Religion or Belief
Article Details
How to Cite
Alfian, A. (2025). Problematizing Interfaith Marriage Law in Indonesia through Human Rights Perspective. DIKTUM: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum, 22(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.35905/diktum.v22i2.5253
References
- Aditya, Rizky Irfano, and L. B. Waddington. “The Legal Protection Against Child Marriage in Indonesia.” BESTUUR, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i2.55144.
Adrikni, Rendy, and Fita Nofiana. “Viral Pernikahan Beda Agama, Ketua MUI Tegaskan Haram Dan Tidak Sah: Selamanya Zina,” March 23, 2022. https://www.suara.com/news/2022/03/23/123013/viral-pernikahan-beda-agama-ketua-mui-tegaskan-haram-dan-tidak-sah-selamanya-zina.
Aini, Noryamin, Ariane Utomo, and Peter McDonald. “Interreligious Marriage in Indonesia.” Journal of Religion and Demography, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1163/2589742x-00601005.
Alfian, Andi. “Arranged Marriages among Young Educated Muslim Women in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.” DINIKA: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies 7, no. 1 (2022): 55–84. https://doi.org/10.22515/dinika.v7i1.4652.
———. “Buddhism and Confucianism on Homosexuality: The Acceptance and Rejection Based on The Arguments of Religious Texts.” Al-Adyan: Journal of Religious Studies 3, no. 2 (2022): 73–82. https://doi.org/10.15548/al-adyan.v3i2.4574.
———. “Contesting Human Rights: How Religious Freedom Confront Gay Rights and Vice Versa: [Review of the Book Religious Freedom and Gay Rights: Emerging Conflicts in the United States and Europe, by Timothy Samuel Shah, Thomas F. Farr, and Jack Friedman].” Journal of Humanity and Social Justice, January 30, 2023, 16–19. https://doi.org/10.38026/jhsj.v5i1.9.
———. “Evaluating World Religion Paradigm through the Idea of Ultimate Reality.” Jurnal Islam Transformatif: Journal of Islamic Studies 6, no. 1 (2022): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/it.v6i1.5537.
———. “Gerakan Perempuan Dalam Dialog Lintas Agama.” Islami[dot]co, April 2, 2023. https://islami.co/gerakan-perempuan-lintas-agama-mendobrak-patriarki-dalam-dialog-lintas-iman/.
———. “Rediscovering ‘Sacred Place’ through the Indigenous Religion Paradigm: A Case Study of Bugis-Makassar Indigenous People.” Al-Izzah: Jurnal Hasil-Hasil Penelitian 17, no. 2 (November 2022): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/ai.v0i0.4187.
———. “Symbolic Violence in Religious Discourse in Indonesia.” In International Conference on Social and Islamic Studies, 205–14. Proceedings of the International Conference on Social and Islamic Studies 2021, 2021. https://proceedings.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/icsis/icsis_2021/paper/view/496.
Amri, Aulil. “Perkawinan Beda Agama Menurut Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Islam.” Media Syari’ah, 2020. https://doi.org/10.22373/jms.v22i1.6719.
Babbie, Earl. The Practice of Social Research. 14th ed. Vol. 22. Cengage Learning, 2014.
Bagir, Zainal Abidin, Asfinawati, Suhadi, and Renata Arianingtyas. “Limitations to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Indonesia: Norms and Practices.” Religion and Human Rights 15, no. 1–2 (2020): 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-BJA10003.
Bhattacherjee, Anol. Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices. Textbooks Collection, 2012.
Bielefeldt, Heiner, Thiago Alves Pinto, and Marie Juul Petersen. “Introduction: Freedom of Religion or Belief as a Human Right.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 20, no. 2 (2022): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2065799.
Blaikie, Norman. Designing Social Research: The Logic of Anticipation. Polity Press and Backwell Publishing, 2005.
Bukido, Rosdalina, Edi Gunawan, Djamila Usup, and Hayat Hayat. “Negotiating Love and Faith: Interfaith Marriage in Manado, Indonesia.” Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya, 2021. https://doi.org/10.15575/jw.v6i1.11299.
CNN Indonesia. “Deretan Pernikahan Beda Agama: Warga Semarang Hingga Stafsus Jokowi.” CNN Indonesia, March 19, 2022. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20220318182241-20-773354/deretan-pernikahan-beda-agama-warga-semarang-hingga-stafsus-jokowi.
———. “MUI Respons Stafsus Jokowi Nikah Beda Agama: Tidak Dibolehkan.” CNN Indonesia, March 18, 2022. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20220318183750-20-773366/mui-respons-stafsus-jokowi-nikah-beda-agama-tidak-dibolehkan.
———. “Viral Nikah Beda Agama Di Semarang, Wanita Islam Dengan Pria Katolik.” CNN Indonesia, March 8, 2022. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20220308093007-20-768117/viral-nikah-beda-agama-di-semarang-wanita-islam-dengan-pria-katolik.
Colbran, Nicola. “Kebebasan Beragama Atau Berkeyakinan Di Indonesia: Jaminan Secara Normatif Dan Pelaksanaannya Dalam Kehidupan Berbangsa Dan Bernegara.” In Kebebasan Beragama Atau Berkeyakinan: Seberapa Jauh? Sebuah Referensi Tentang Prinsip-Prinsip Dan Praktek, edited by Tore Lindholm, W Cole Durham, Bahia G. Tahzib Lie, Elizabeth A. Sewell, and Lena Larsen, 6821–736. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 2010.
Corebima, Yohanes A Kopong. “Pernikahan Beda Agama Stafsus Jokowi Dikecam, Uskup Agung Jakarta Turun Tangan, Buat Yang Nyinyir, Pasang Kuping Kalian!” Populis.id, March 19, 2022. https://populis.id/read14753/pernikahan-beda-agama-stafsus-jokowi-dikecam-uskup-agung-jakarta-turun-tangan-buat-yang-nyinyir-pasang-kuping-kalian.
Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications, 2014.
Creswell, John W., and Cheryl N. Poth. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing Among Five Approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017.
Dolansky, Eric, and Ilan Alon. “Religious Freedom, Religious Diversity, and Japanese Foreign Direct Investment.” Research in International Business and Finance, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2006.11.003.
Equality and Human Rights Commision. “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).” Accessed May 2, 2023. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/our-human-rights-work/monitoring-and-promoting-un-treaties/international-covenant-civil-and.
Fatimah, Irma Putri, Amirudin Amirudin, and Af’idatul Lathifah. “Agama Dan Pernikahan Pasangan Beda Agama Di Sendangmulyo Semarang.” Endogami: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Antropologi, 2019. https://doi.org/10.14710/endogami.3.1.1-8.
Febrian. “Gugat UU Pernikahan Ke MK Agar Menikah Beda Agama Ada Kepastian Hukum.” Kompas.com, September 4, 2014. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/09/04/19394581/Gugat.UU.Pernikahan.ke.MK.Agar.Menikah.Beda.Agama.Ada.Kepastian.Hukum.
General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI). “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.” OHCHR. Accessed May 2, 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights.
George, Robert P. “The State of International Religious Freedom and Why It Matters.” Orbis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2014.11.002.
Hedi, Fathol, Abdul Ghofur Anshori, and Harun Harun. “Legal Policy of Interfaith Marriage in Indonesia.” Hasanuddin Law Review 3, no. 3 (2017): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v3i3.1297.
Indrayanti, Kadek Wiwik, and Aloysius R. Enah. “PERAN NEGARA DALAM MEMBERIKAN PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI CALON PASANGAN KAWIN BEDA AGAMA (KBA) DI INDONESIA.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 2015. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol45.no3.55.
Jalil, Abdul. “Pernikahan Beda Agama Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Positif Di Indonesia.” Andragogi: Jurnal Diklat Teknis Pendidikan Dan Keagamaan, 2018. https://doi.org/10.36052/andragogi.v6i2.56.
Kerr, Susan. “Reflections on Freedom of Religion or Belief and Security.” Review of Faith and International Affairs 20, no. 2 (2022): 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2065805.
Larsen, Lena. “Islam, Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan, dan Kesetaraan Gender.” In HAM & Syariat: sebuah kajian = Shariʻa and human rights : a coursebook, edited by Cekli Setya Pratiwi, Lena Larsen, Brett G. Scharffs, and Tore Lindholm, Bilingual edition. Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka, 2022.
Laub, James Alan. “Assessing the Servant Organization; Development of the Organizational Leadership Assessment (OLA) Model. Dissertation Abstracts International,.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1999.
Marshall, Paul. “The Ambiguities of Religious Freedom in Indonesia.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 16, no. 1 (2018): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2018.1433588.
Mawardi, Isal. “Muhammadiyah Soal Viral Nikah Beda Agama: Tak Sah Menurut UU-Hukum Islam.” detikNews, March 10, 2022. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5976375/muhammadiyah-soal-viral-nikah-beda-agama-tak-sah-menurut-uu-hukum-islam.
Neuman, W. Lawrence. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 7th Revise. Pearson Education Limited, 2014. https://www.pearson.com/en-gb/subject-catalog/p/social-research-methods-pearson-new-international-edition/P200000005113/9781292033617.
Poerwoto, Yohanes Liestyo. “Tidak Bisa Nikahi Pasanganya Yang Beda Agama, Seorang Pria Gugat UU Perkawinan Ke MK.” Tribunnews.com, February 8, 2022. https://m.tribunnews.com/nasional/2022/02/08/tidak-bisa-nikahi-pasanganya-yang-beda-agama-seorang-pria-gugat-uu-perkawinan-ke-mk?page=all.
Saputra, Andi. “Pasangan Nikah Beda Agama Islam-Kristen Ini Disahkan PN Pontianak.” detikNews, March 17, 2022. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5987171/pasangan-nikah-beda-agama-islam-kristen-ini-disahkan-pn-pontianak.
Stevani, Debby. “TINJAUAN HUKUM HAK ASASI MANUSIA INTERNASIONAL TERHADAP KEWENANGAN NEGARA DALAM MEMBATASI PEMENUHAN HAK UNTUK MENIKAH DAN MEMBENTUK KELUARGA (Studi Kasus Perkawinan Beda Agama).” Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2016. http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/home/detail_pencarian/99641.
Sudirman, Lu, and Jendy Herlinda Karwur. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pasangan Yang Melakukan Perkawinan Beda Agama Di Indonesia.” Journal of Judicial Review 16, no. 2 (2014): 133–45.
Suhasti, Ermi, Siti Djazimah, and Hartini. “Polemics on Interfaith Marriage in Indonesia between Rules and Practices.” Al-Jami’ah, 2018. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2018.562.367-394.
Suwitra, I. Made. “The Existence of Same-Sex Marriage in the Perspective of Human Rights and Legal in Indonesia.” Advances in Sciences and Humanities, 2019. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20190502.12.
Utama, Abraham, and Anggi Kusumadewi. “Hari Ini MK Putuskan Gugatan Kawin Beda Agama,” June 18, 2015. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20150618080158-20-60748/hari-ini-mk-putuskan-gugatan-kawin-beda-agama.
References
Aditya, Rizky Irfano, and L. B. Waddington. “The Legal Protection Against Child Marriage in Indonesia.” BESTUUR, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i2.55144.
Adrikni, Rendy, and Fita Nofiana. “Viral Pernikahan Beda Agama, Ketua MUI Tegaskan Haram Dan Tidak Sah: Selamanya Zina,” March 23, 2022. https://www.suara.com/news/2022/03/23/123013/viral-pernikahan-beda-agama-ketua-mui-tegaskan-haram-dan-tidak-sah-selamanya-zina.
Aini, Noryamin, Ariane Utomo, and Peter McDonald. “Interreligious Marriage in Indonesia.” Journal of Religion and Demography, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1163/2589742x-00601005.
Alfian, Andi. “Arranged Marriages among Young Educated Muslim Women in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.” DINIKA: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies 7, no. 1 (2022): 55–84. https://doi.org/10.22515/dinika.v7i1.4652.
———. “Buddhism and Confucianism on Homosexuality: The Acceptance and Rejection Based on The Arguments of Religious Texts.” Al-Adyan: Journal of Religious Studies 3, no. 2 (2022): 73–82. https://doi.org/10.15548/al-adyan.v3i2.4574.
———. “Contesting Human Rights: How Religious Freedom Confront Gay Rights and Vice Versa: [Review of the Book Religious Freedom and Gay Rights: Emerging Conflicts in the United States and Europe, by Timothy Samuel Shah, Thomas F. Farr, and Jack Friedman].” Journal of Humanity and Social Justice, January 30, 2023, 16–19. https://doi.org/10.38026/jhsj.v5i1.9.
———. “Evaluating World Religion Paradigm through the Idea of Ultimate Reality.” Jurnal Islam Transformatif: Journal of Islamic Studies 6, no. 1 (2022): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/it.v6i1.5537.
———. “Gerakan Perempuan Dalam Dialog Lintas Agama.” Islami[dot]co, April 2, 2023. https://islami.co/gerakan-perempuan-lintas-agama-mendobrak-patriarki-dalam-dialog-lintas-iman/.
———. “Rediscovering ‘Sacred Place’ through the Indigenous Religion Paradigm: A Case Study of Bugis-Makassar Indigenous People.” Al-Izzah: Jurnal Hasil-Hasil Penelitian 17, no. 2 (November 2022): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/ai.v0i0.4187.
———. “Symbolic Violence in Religious Discourse in Indonesia.” In International Conference on Social and Islamic Studies, 205–14. Proceedings of the International Conference on Social and Islamic Studies 2021, 2021. https://proceedings.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/icsis/icsis_2021/paper/view/496.
Amri, Aulil. “Perkawinan Beda Agama Menurut Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Islam.” Media Syari’ah, 2020. https://doi.org/10.22373/jms.v22i1.6719.
Babbie, Earl. The Practice of Social Research. 14th ed. Vol. 22. Cengage Learning, 2014.
Bagir, Zainal Abidin, Asfinawati, Suhadi, and Renata Arianingtyas. “Limitations to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Indonesia: Norms and Practices.” Religion and Human Rights 15, no. 1–2 (2020): 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-BJA10003.
Bhattacherjee, Anol. Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices. Textbooks Collection, 2012.
Bielefeldt, Heiner, Thiago Alves Pinto, and Marie Juul Petersen. “Introduction: Freedom of Religion or Belief as a Human Right.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 20, no. 2 (2022): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2065799.
Blaikie, Norman. Designing Social Research: The Logic of Anticipation. Polity Press and Backwell Publishing, 2005.
Bukido, Rosdalina, Edi Gunawan, Djamila Usup, and Hayat Hayat. “Negotiating Love and Faith: Interfaith Marriage in Manado, Indonesia.” Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya, 2021. https://doi.org/10.15575/jw.v6i1.11299.
CNN Indonesia. “Deretan Pernikahan Beda Agama: Warga Semarang Hingga Stafsus Jokowi.” CNN Indonesia, March 19, 2022. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20220318182241-20-773354/deretan-pernikahan-beda-agama-warga-semarang-hingga-stafsus-jokowi.
———. “MUI Respons Stafsus Jokowi Nikah Beda Agama: Tidak Dibolehkan.” CNN Indonesia, March 18, 2022. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20220318183750-20-773366/mui-respons-stafsus-jokowi-nikah-beda-agama-tidak-dibolehkan.
———. “Viral Nikah Beda Agama Di Semarang, Wanita Islam Dengan Pria Katolik.” CNN Indonesia, March 8, 2022. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20220308093007-20-768117/viral-nikah-beda-agama-di-semarang-wanita-islam-dengan-pria-katolik.
Colbran, Nicola. “Kebebasan Beragama Atau Berkeyakinan Di Indonesia: Jaminan Secara Normatif Dan Pelaksanaannya Dalam Kehidupan Berbangsa Dan Bernegara.” In Kebebasan Beragama Atau Berkeyakinan: Seberapa Jauh? Sebuah Referensi Tentang Prinsip-Prinsip Dan Praktek, edited by Tore Lindholm, W Cole Durham, Bahia G. Tahzib Lie, Elizabeth A. Sewell, and Lena Larsen, 6821–736. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 2010.
Corebima, Yohanes A Kopong. “Pernikahan Beda Agama Stafsus Jokowi Dikecam, Uskup Agung Jakarta Turun Tangan, Buat Yang Nyinyir, Pasang Kuping Kalian!” Populis.id, March 19, 2022. https://populis.id/read14753/pernikahan-beda-agama-stafsus-jokowi-dikecam-uskup-agung-jakarta-turun-tangan-buat-yang-nyinyir-pasang-kuping-kalian.
Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications, 2014.
Creswell, John W., and Cheryl N. Poth. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing Among Five Approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017.
Dolansky, Eric, and Ilan Alon. “Religious Freedom, Religious Diversity, and Japanese Foreign Direct Investment.” Research in International Business and Finance, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2006.11.003.
Equality and Human Rights Commision. “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).” Accessed May 2, 2023. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/our-human-rights-work/monitoring-and-promoting-un-treaties/international-covenant-civil-and.
Fatimah, Irma Putri, Amirudin Amirudin, and Af’idatul Lathifah. “Agama Dan Pernikahan Pasangan Beda Agama Di Sendangmulyo Semarang.” Endogami: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Antropologi, 2019. https://doi.org/10.14710/endogami.3.1.1-8.
Febrian. “Gugat UU Pernikahan Ke MK Agar Menikah Beda Agama Ada Kepastian Hukum.” Kompas.com, September 4, 2014. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/09/04/19394581/Gugat.UU.Pernikahan.ke.MK.Agar.Menikah.Beda.Agama.Ada.Kepastian.Hukum.
General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI). “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.” OHCHR. Accessed May 2, 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights.
George, Robert P. “The State of International Religious Freedom and Why It Matters.” Orbis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2014.11.002.
Hedi, Fathol, Abdul Ghofur Anshori, and Harun Harun. “Legal Policy of Interfaith Marriage in Indonesia.” Hasanuddin Law Review 3, no. 3 (2017): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v3i3.1297.
Indrayanti, Kadek Wiwik, and Aloysius R. Enah. “PERAN NEGARA DALAM MEMBERIKAN PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI CALON PASANGAN KAWIN BEDA AGAMA (KBA) DI INDONESIA.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 2015. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol45.no3.55.
Jalil, Abdul. “Pernikahan Beda Agama Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Positif Di Indonesia.” Andragogi: Jurnal Diklat Teknis Pendidikan Dan Keagamaan, 2018. https://doi.org/10.36052/andragogi.v6i2.56.
Kerr, Susan. “Reflections on Freedom of Religion or Belief and Security.” Review of Faith and International Affairs 20, no. 2 (2022): 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2065805.
Larsen, Lena. “Islam, Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan, dan Kesetaraan Gender.” In HAM & Syariat: sebuah kajian = Shariʻa and human rights : a coursebook, edited by Cekli Setya Pratiwi, Lena Larsen, Brett G. Scharffs, and Tore Lindholm, Bilingual edition. Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka, 2022.
Laub, James Alan. “Assessing the Servant Organization; Development of the Organizational Leadership Assessment (OLA) Model. Dissertation Abstracts International,.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1999.
Marshall, Paul. “The Ambiguities of Religious Freedom in Indonesia.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 16, no. 1 (2018): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2018.1433588.
Mawardi, Isal. “Muhammadiyah Soal Viral Nikah Beda Agama: Tak Sah Menurut UU-Hukum Islam.” detikNews, March 10, 2022. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5976375/muhammadiyah-soal-viral-nikah-beda-agama-tak-sah-menurut-uu-hukum-islam.
Neuman, W. Lawrence. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 7th Revise. Pearson Education Limited, 2014. https://www.pearson.com/en-gb/subject-catalog/p/social-research-methods-pearson-new-international-edition/P200000005113/9781292033617.
Poerwoto, Yohanes Liestyo. “Tidak Bisa Nikahi Pasanganya Yang Beda Agama, Seorang Pria Gugat UU Perkawinan Ke MK.” Tribunnews.com, February 8, 2022. https://m.tribunnews.com/nasional/2022/02/08/tidak-bisa-nikahi-pasanganya-yang-beda-agama-seorang-pria-gugat-uu-perkawinan-ke-mk?page=all.
Saputra, Andi. “Pasangan Nikah Beda Agama Islam-Kristen Ini Disahkan PN Pontianak.” detikNews, March 17, 2022. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5987171/pasangan-nikah-beda-agama-islam-kristen-ini-disahkan-pn-pontianak.
Stevani, Debby. “TINJAUAN HUKUM HAK ASASI MANUSIA INTERNASIONAL TERHADAP KEWENANGAN NEGARA DALAM MEMBATASI PEMENUHAN HAK UNTUK MENIKAH DAN MEMBENTUK KELUARGA (Studi Kasus Perkawinan Beda Agama).” Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2016. http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/home/detail_pencarian/99641.
Sudirman, Lu, and Jendy Herlinda Karwur. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pasangan Yang Melakukan Perkawinan Beda Agama Di Indonesia.” Journal of Judicial Review 16, no. 2 (2014): 133–45.
Suhasti, Ermi, Siti Djazimah, and Hartini. “Polemics on Interfaith Marriage in Indonesia between Rules and Practices.” Al-Jami’ah, 2018. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2018.562.367-394.
Suwitra, I. Made. “The Existence of Same-Sex Marriage in the Perspective of Human Rights and Legal in Indonesia.” Advances in Sciences and Humanities, 2019. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20190502.12.
Utama, Abraham, and Anggi Kusumadewi. “Hari Ini MK Putuskan Gugatan Kawin Beda Agama,” June 18, 2015. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20150618080158-20-60748/hari-ini-mk-putuskan-gugatan-kawin-beda-agama.
Adrikni, Rendy, and Fita Nofiana. “Viral Pernikahan Beda Agama, Ketua MUI Tegaskan Haram Dan Tidak Sah: Selamanya Zina,” March 23, 2022. https://www.suara.com/news/2022/03/23/123013/viral-pernikahan-beda-agama-ketua-mui-tegaskan-haram-dan-tidak-sah-selamanya-zina.
Aini, Noryamin, Ariane Utomo, and Peter McDonald. “Interreligious Marriage in Indonesia.” Journal of Religion and Demography, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1163/2589742x-00601005.
Alfian, Andi. “Arranged Marriages among Young Educated Muslim Women in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.” DINIKA: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies 7, no. 1 (2022): 55–84. https://doi.org/10.22515/dinika.v7i1.4652.
———. “Buddhism and Confucianism on Homosexuality: The Acceptance and Rejection Based on The Arguments of Religious Texts.” Al-Adyan: Journal of Religious Studies 3, no. 2 (2022): 73–82. https://doi.org/10.15548/al-adyan.v3i2.4574.
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