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July 25, 2023
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November 12, 2023
Published
November 12, 2023
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Abstract
This research discusses the livelihood status of career women in view of Islamic law and it’s urgency in Indonesia, the epistemology of tanqih al-manat in legal reasoning, and how the application of tanqih al-manat in obligation of career woman livelihood. This research uses a qualitative approach in explaining, describing and analyzing the data and find out the results of the research. The data collection technique used is a literature study. The results of this research identify that being a career woman has become an urgent need in Indonesia, because if only men have careers it will cause an imbalance between the average income and a decent standard of living. The women have the right to work like men as long as the work requires it or she herself needs the work and the work is carried out with respect and obey the religious principles and goals. Tanqih al-manat is a method of filtering the right ‘illat from various possible properties. Through the filtering process of ‘illat, it was found that the proper ‘illat from the texts of the obligation to support livelihood is the husband's control and detention in the house so that she is unable to live independently. Therefore, this research concludes that career women do not have to be supported in livelihood by their husbands, because they are no longer confined to their homes and they are able to live independently.
Keywords
Career WomanTanqih al-ManatLivelihood
Article Details
How to Cite
Alimuddin, H., Husain, M. Z., & Abubakar, A. . (2023). The Livelihood Status of Career Woman in Indonesia: Revitalization of Tanqih al-Manat in Legal Reasoning. DIKTUM: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum, 21(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.35905/diktum.v21i2.6324
References
- ’Abdul Rahman Ibrahim al-Kailani. 2004. Tahqiq Al-Manat ’Inda Al-Usuliyyin Wa Atsaruhu Fi Ikhtilaf Al-Fuqaha. Vol. 58. Saud: Majallah al-Syariah wa al-Dirasah al-Islamiyyah.
’Arabi, Abu Bakar Muhammad Ibnu ’Abdullah Ibnu. 2003. Ahkam Al-Qur’an. Cet. III. Bairut: Dar al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah.
’Aziz, Sa’ad Bintu Muhammad ’Abdul. n.d. “’Amal Al-Zaujah Wa Atsaruhu ’Ala Al-Nafaqah Al-Zaujiyyah.” Majjallah Jami’ah Tayyibah Li Al-Adab Wa Al-’Ulum Al-Insayniyyah 10.
Ahmad, Abu ’Abdullah Muhammad Ibnu ’Abdullah Ibnu Abu Bakr al-Qurtubi. 2006. Al-Jami’u Li Ahkam Al-Qur’an. Cet. I. Bairut: Muassasah al-Risalah.
Al-Amidi. n.d. Al-Ihkam Fi Ushul Al-Ihkam, Ta’liq Abdul Razaq Al-’Afifi. Cet. I Juz.
Al-Bukhari, Abu ’Abdullah Muhammad Ibnu Ismai’l. 1422. Al-Jami’ Al-Sahih. Cet. I. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Salafiyyah.
Al-Fairuz, Abadi. n.d. Qamus Al-Muhit. Jld. I.
Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamin. n.d. Al-Mustashfa Min ’Ilmi Al-Wusul. Cet. I. Bairut: Muassasah al-Risalah.
Al-Jurjani, Muhammad. n.d. Kitab Al-Ta’rifat. Jeddah.
Al-Kasani, Al-Imam Alauddin Abu Bakar al-Hanafi. 1982. Badai’ Al-Shanai’ Fi Tartib Al-Syarai’. Jld. II. Bairut: Dar al-Kitab al-’Arabi.
Al-Kharsy, Syeikh Muhammad Ibnu ’Abdullah Al-Maliki. n.d. Al-Kharsy ’Ala Muhktasar Sayyid Khalil. Jld. VIII. Bairut: Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Maududi, Abu A’la. 1964. Al-Hijab. Cet. II. Dimasyq: Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Syafi’i, Abu ’Abdullah Muhammad Ibnu Idris. 1393. Al-Umm. Jld. II. Bairut: Dar al-Ma’rifah.
Al-Yasa’, Abubakar. 2016. Metode Istislahiah: Pemanfaatan Ilmu Pengetahuan Dalam Ushul Fiqh. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group.
Alimuddin, Harwis. 2022. Teori-Teori Ijtihad Berbasis Kemaslahatan Dan Aplikasinya Di Indonesia. Cet. I. Bandung: Ellunar.
Azzam, Abd al’Aziz Muhammad. 2005. Al-Qawa’id Al-Fiqhiyyah. Cairo: Daar al-Hadits.
Bik, Khudari. 1998. Usul Al-Fiqh. Bairut: Dar al-Fikr al-’Arabi.
BPS. 2021. “Rata-Rata Kebutuhan Hidup Layak (KHL) Pekerja Lajang (PL) 2019-2021,” 2021.
———. 2023. “Rata-Rata Upah/Gaji (Rupiah), 2022-2023,” 2023.
Carbajal, Jose, and Stephen F Austin. 2018. “Patriarchal Culture ’ s Influence on Women ’ s Leadership Ascendancy.” The Journal of Faith, Education, and Community 2 (1): 1–23. https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/jfec/vol2/iss1/1.
Grantthornton. 2022. “Woman in Business 2022,” 2022. https://www.grantthornton.co.id/insights/global-insights1/women-in-business-2022/.
Husna, Khotimatul. 2022. “Kajian Dalalah Dalam Perspektif Relasi Kesalingan Suami Istri Menurut Konsep Keluarga Maslahah Nahdlatul Ulama” 20: 323–36. https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/diktum/article/view/3633/1348.
Irma, Ade, and Dessy Hasanah. 2014. “Menyoroti Budaya Patriarki Di Indonesia.” Social Work 7 (1): 71–80.
Ismail, Imaduddin Abu al-Fida Ibnu Katsir al-Dimasyqi. 2004. Tafsir Al-Qur’an Adzim. Vol. I. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Da’wah al-Islamiyyah.
Ismail, Sya’ban Muhammad. n.d. Tahzib Syarh Al-Asnawi ’ala Minhaj Al-Wusul Ila ’Ilmi Al-Usul Li Al-Baidawai. Juz. III. al-Qahirah: Al-Maktabah al-Azhariyah li al-Turats.
Ismanto, Bambang, Muhammad rudi Wijaya, and Anas Habibi Ritonga. 2018. “Istri Sebagai Pencari Nafkah Utama Dan Dampaknya Dalam Keluarga Perspektif Hukum Islam.” Fitrah: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 4 (2): 397–416. https://doi.org/10.24952/fitrah.v4i2.950.
Ja’far, A. Kumedi, and Agus Hermanto. 2021. “Reinterpretation Of The Rights And Duties Of Contemporary Husbands And Wives.” Samarah 5 (2): 648–67. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.9124.
Ma’luf, Luis. 1956. Al-Munjid Fi Al-Lughah Wa Al-Adab Wa Al-’Ulum. Bairut: Maktabah al-Katsulikiyyah.
Majana, Sanuri. 2018. “Penentuan Mut’ah Wanita Karir Dalam Pandangan Hukum Positif Indonesia.” Al-Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum Islam 3 (1): 67. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v3i1.406.
Manzur, Ibnu. n.d. Lisanul Arab. Jld. X. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Ma’arif.
Qutub, Sayyid. 2002. Tafsir Fi Dzilal Al-Qur’an. Vol. 2. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.
Shihab, M. Quraish. 2007. Perempuan Dari Cinta Sampai Seks, Dari Nikah Mut’ah Sampai Nikah Sunnah, Dari Bias Lama Sampai Bias Baru. Jakarta: Lentera Hati.
Susilo, Edi. 2016. “‘Iddah Dan Ihdad Bagi Wanita Karir.” Al-Hukama’ 6 (2): 275–97. https://doi.org/10.15642/alhukama.2016.6.2.275-297.
Wahbah al-Zuhaili. n.d. Fiqh Al-Islami Wa Adillatuhu. Vol. IX. Dimasyq.
———. 2006. Qadaya Al-Fiqh Wa Al-Fiqh Al-Mu’ashir. Cet. I. Dimasyq: Dar al-Fikr.
Widya Ananda, Syifa Aulia, Widad Alfiyah Zayyan, and Imamul Arifin. 2021. “Pandangan Islam Tentang Wanita Karir Dan Ibu Rumah Tangga Dalam Bingkai Keluarga Dan Masyarakat.” Profetika: Jurnal Studi Islam 22 (2): 347–56. https://doi.org/10.23917/profetika.v22i2.16700.
Zahrah, Muhammad Abu. 2006. Usul Al-Fiqh. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Fikr al-’Arabi.
Zaidan, Abdul Karim. 1993. Al-Mufassal Fi Al-Ahkam Al-Marah Wa Al-Bait Al Muslim. Bairut: Muassasah al-Risalah li al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzih.
References
’Abdul Rahman Ibrahim al-Kailani. 2004. Tahqiq Al-Manat ’Inda Al-Usuliyyin Wa Atsaruhu Fi Ikhtilaf Al-Fuqaha. Vol. 58. Saud: Majallah al-Syariah wa al-Dirasah al-Islamiyyah.
’Arabi, Abu Bakar Muhammad Ibnu ’Abdullah Ibnu. 2003. Ahkam Al-Qur’an. Cet. III. Bairut: Dar al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah.
’Aziz, Sa’ad Bintu Muhammad ’Abdul. n.d. “’Amal Al-Zaujah Wa Atsaruhu ’Ala Al-Nafaqah Al-Zaujiyyah.” Majjallah Jami’ah Tayyibah Li Al-Adab Wa Al-’Ulum Al-Insayniyyah 10.
Ahmad, Abu ’Abdullah Muhammad Ibnu ’Abdullah Ibnu Abu Bakr al-Qurtubi. 2006. Al-Jami’u Li Ahkam Al-Qur’an. Cet. I. Bairut: Muassasah al-Risalah.
Al-Amidi. n.d. Al-Ihkam Fi Ushul Al-Ihkam, Ta’liq Abdul Razaq Al-’Afifi. Cet. I Juz.
Al-Bukhari, Abu ’Abdullah Muhammad Ibnu Ismai’l. 1422. Al-Jami’ Al-Sahih. Cet. I. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Salafiyyah.
Al-Fairuz, Abadi. n.d. Qamus Al-Muhit. Jld. I.
Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamin. n.d. Al-Mustashfa Min ’Ilmi Al-Wusul. Cet. I. Bairut: Muassasah al-Risalah.
Al-Jurjani, Muhammad. n.d. Kitab Al-Ta’rifat. Jeddah.
Al-Kasani, Al-Imam Alauddin Abu Bakar al-Hanafi. 1982. Badai’ Al-Shanai’ Fi Tartib Al-Syarai’. Jld. II. Bairut: Dar al-Kitab al-’Arabi.
Al-Kharsy, Syeikh Muhammad Ibnu ’Abdullah Al-Maliki. n.d. Al-Kharsy ’Ala Muhktasar Sayyid Khalil. Jld. VIII. Bairut: Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Maududi, Abu A’la. 1964. Al-Hijab. Cet. II. Dimasyq: Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Syafi’i, Abu ’Abdullah Muhammad Ibnu Idris. 1393. Al-Umm. Jld. II. Bairut: Dar al-Ma’rifah.
Al-Yasa’, Abubakar. 2016. Metode Istislahiah: Pemanfaatan Ilmu Pengetahuan Dalam Ushul Fiqh. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group.
Alimuddin, Harwis. 2022. Teori-Teori Ijtihad Berbasis Kemaslahatan Dan Aplikasinya Di Indonesia. Cet. I. Bandung: Ellunar.
Azzam, Abd al’Aziz Muhammad. 2005. Al-Qawa’id Al-Fiqhiyyah. Cairo: Daar al-Hadits.
Bik, Khudari. 1998. Usul Al-Fiqh. Bairut: Dar al-Fikr al-’Arabi.
BPS. 2021. “Rata-Rata Kebutuhan Hidup Layak (KHL) Pekerja Lajang (PL) 2019-2021,” 2021.
———. 2023. “Rata-Rata Upah/Gaji (Rupiah), 2022-2023,” 2023.
Carbajal, Jose, and Stephen F Austin. 2018. “Patriarchal Culture ’ s Influence on Women ’ s Leadership Ascendancy.” The Journal of Faith, Education, and Community 2 (1): 1–23. https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/jfec/vol2/iss1/1.
Grantthornton. 2022. “Woman in Business 2022,” 2022. https://www.grantthornton.co.id/insights/global-insights1/women-in-business-2022/.
Husna, Khotimatul. 2022. “Kajian Dalalah Dalam Perspektif Relasi Kesalingan Suami Istri Menurut Konsep Keluarga Maslahah Nahdlatul Ulama” 20: 323–36. https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/diktum/article/view/3633/1348.
Irma, Ade, and Dessy Hasanah. 2014. “Menyoroti Budaya Patriarki Di Indonesia.” Social Work 7 (1): 71–80.
Ismail, Imaduddin Abu al-Fida Ibnu Katsir al-Dimasyqi. 2004. Tafsir Al-Qur’an Adzim. Vol. I. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Da’wah al-Islamiyyah.
Ismail, Sya’ban Muhammad. n.d. Tahzib Syarh Al-Asnawi ’ala Minhaj Al-Wusul Ila ’Ilmi Al-Usul Li Al-Baidawai. Juz. III. al-Qahirah: Al-Maktabah al-Azhariyah li al-Turats.
Ismanto, Bambang, Muhammad rudi Wijaya, and Anas Habibi Ritonga. 2018. “Istri Sebagai Pencari Nafkah Utama Dan Dampaknya Dalam Keluarga Perspektif Hukum Islam.” Fitrah: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 4 (2): 397–416. https://doi.org/10.24952/fitrah.v4i2.950.
Ja’far, A. Kumedi, and Agus Hermanto. 2021. “Reinterpretation Of The Rights And Duties Of Contemporary Husbands And Wives.” Samarah 5 (2): 648–67. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.9124.
Ma’luf, Luis. 1956. Al-Munjid Fi Al-Lughah Wa Al-Adab Wa Al-’Ulum. Bairut: Maktabah al-Katsulikiyyah.
Majana, Sanuri. 2018. “Penentuan Mut’ah Wanita Karir Dalam Pandangan Hukum Positif Indonesia.” Al-Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum Islam 3 (1): 67. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v3i1.406.
Manzur, Ibnu. n.d. Lisanul Arab. Jld. X. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Ma’arif.
Qutub, Sayyid. 2002. Tafsir Fi Dzilal Al-Qur’an. Vol. 2. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.
Shihab, M. Quraish. 2007. Perempuan Dari Cinta Sampai Seks, Dari Nikah Mut’ah Sampai Nikah Sunnah, Dari Bias Lama Sampai Bias Baru. Jakarta: Lentera Hati.
Susilo, Edi. 2016. “‘Iddah Dan Ihdad Bagi Wanita Karir.” Al-Hukama’ 6 (2): 275–97. https://doi.org/10.15642/alhukama.2016.6.2.275-297.
Wahbah al-Zuhaili. n.d. Fiqh Al-Islami Wa Adillatuhu. Vol. IX. Dimasyq.
———. 2006. Qadaya Al-Fiqh Wa Al-Fiqh Al-Mu’ashir. Cet. I. Dimasyq: Dar al-Fikr.
Widya Ananda, Syifa Aulia, Widad Alfiyah Zayyan, and Imamul Arifin. 2021. “Pandangan Islam Tentang Wanita Karir Dan Ibu Rumah Tangga Dalam Bingkai Keluarga Dan Masyarakat.” Profetika: Jurnal Studi Islam 22 (2): 347–56. https://doi.org/10.23917/profetika.v22i2.16700.
Zahrah, Muhammad Abu. 2006. Usul Al-Fiqh. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Fikr al-’Arabi.
Zaidan, Abdul Karim. 1993. Al-Mufassal Fi Al-Ahkam Al-Marah Wa Al-Bait Al Muslim. Bairut: Muassasah al-Risalah li al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzih.
’Arabi, Abu Bakar Muhammad Ibnu ’Abdullah Ibnu. 2003. Ahkam Al-Qur’an. Cet. III. Bairut: Dar al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah.
’Aziz, Sa’ad Bintu Muhammad ’Abdul. n.d. “’Amal Al-Zaujah Wa Atsaruhu ’Ala Al-Nafaqah Al-Zaujiyyah.” Majjallah Jami’ah Tayyibah Li Al-Adab Wa Al-’Ulum Al-Insayniyyah 10.
Ahmad, Abu ’Abdullah Muhammad Ibnu ’Abdullah Ibnu Abu Bakr al-Qurtubi. 2006. Al-Jami’u Li Ahkam Al-Qur’an. Cet. I. Bairut: Muassasah al-Risalah.
Al-Amidi. n.d. Al-Ihkam Fi Ushul Al-Ihkam, Ta’liq Abdul Razaq Al-’Afifi. Cet. I Juz.
Al-Bukhari, Abu ’Abdullah Muhammad Ibnu Ismai’l. 1422. Al-Jami’ Al-Sahih. Cet. I. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Salafiyyah.
Al-Fairuz, Abadi. n.d. Qamus Al-Muhit. Jld. I.
Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamin. n.d. Al-Mustashfa Min ’Ilmi Al-Wusul. Cet. I. Bairut: Muassasah al-Risalah.
Al-Jurjani, Muhammad. n.d. Kitab Al-Ta’rifat. Jeddah.
Al-Kasani, Al-Imam Alauddin Abu Bakar al-Hanafi. 1982. Badai’ Al-Shanai’ Fi Tartib Al-Syarai’. Jld. II. Bairut: Dar al-Kitab al-’Arabi.
Al-Kharsy, Syeikh Muhammad Ibnu ’Abdullah Al-Maliki. n.d. Al-Kharsy ’Ala Muhktasar Sayyid Khalil. Jld. VIII. Bairut: Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Maududi, Abu A’la. 1964. Al-Hijab. Cet. II. Dimasyq: Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Syafi’i, Abu ’Abdullah Muhammad Ibnu Idris. 1393. Al-Umm. Jld. II. Bairut: Dar al-Ma’rifah.
Al-Yasa’, Abubakar. 2016. Metode Istislahiah: Pemanfaatan Ilmu Pengetahuan Dalam Ushul Fiqh. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group.
Alimuddin, Harwis. 2022. Teori-Teori Ijtihad Berbasis Kemaslahatan Dan Aplikasinya Di Indonesia. Cet. I. Bandung: Ellunar.
Azzam, Abd al’Aziz Muhammad. 2005. Al-Qawa’id Al-Fiqhiyyah. Cairo: Daar al-Hadits.
Bik, Khudari. 1998. Usul Al-Fiqh. Bairut: Dar al-Fikr al-’Arabi.
BPS. 2021. “Rata-Rata Kebutuhan Hidup Layak (KHL) Pekerja Lajang (PL) 2019-2021,” 2021.
———. 2023. “Rata-Rata Upah/Gaji (Rupiah), 2022-2023,” 2023.
Carbajal, Jose, and Stephen F Austin. 2018. “Patriarchal Culture ’ s Influence on Women ’ s Leadership Ascendancy.” The Journal of Faith, Education, and Community 2 (1): 1–23. https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/jfec/vol2/iss1/1.
Grantthornton. 2022. “Woman in Business 2022,” 2022. https://www.grantthornton.co.id/insights/global-insights1/women-in-business-2022/.
Husna, Khotimatul. 2022. “Kajian Dalalah Dalam Perspektif Relasi Kesalingan Suami Istri Menurut Konsep Keluarga Maslahah Nahdlatul Ulama” 20: 323–36. https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/diktum/article/view/3633/1348.
Irma, Ade, and Dessy Hasanah. 2014. “Menyoroti Budaya Patriarki Di Indonesia.” Social Work 7 (1): 71–80.
Ismail, Imaduddin Abu al-Fida Ibnu Katsir al-Dimasyqi. 2004. Tafsir Al-Qur’an Adzim. Vol. I. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Da’wah al-Islamiyyah.
Ismail, Sya’ban Muhammad. n.d. Tahzib Syarh Al-Asnawi ’ala Minhaj Al-Wusul Ila ’Ilmi Al-Usul Li Al-Baidawai. Juz. III. al-Qahirah: Al-Maktabah al-Azhariyah li al-Turats.
Ismanto, Bambang, Muhammad rudi Wijaya, and Anas Habibi Ritonga. 2018. “Istri Sebagai Pencari Nafkah Utama Dan Dampaknya Dalam Keluarga Perspektif Hukum Islam.” Fitrah: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 4 (2): 397–416. https://doi.org/10.24952/fitrah.v4i2.950.
Ja’far, A. Kumedi, and Agus Hermanto. 2021. “Reinterpretation Of The Rights And Duties Of Contemporary Husbands And Wives.” Samarah 5 (2): 648–67. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.9124.
Ma’luf, Luis. 1956. Al-Munjid Fi Al-Lughah Wa Al-Adab Wa Al-’Ulum. Bairut: Maktabah al-Katsulikiyyah.
Majana, Sanuri. 2018. “Penentuan Mut’ah Wanita Karir Dalam Pandangan Hukum Positif Indonesia.” Al-Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum Islam 3 (1): 67. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v3i1.406.
Manzur, Ibnu. n.d. Lisanul Arab. Jld. X. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Ma’arif.
Qutub, Sayyid. 2002. Tafsir Fi Dzilal Al-Qur’an. Vol. 2. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.
Shihab, M. Quraish. 2007. Perempuan Dari Cinta Sampai Seks, Dari Nikah Mut’ah Sampai Nikah Sunnah, Dari Bias Lama Sampai Bias Baru. Jakarta: Lentera Hati.
Susilo, Edi. 2016. “‘Iddah Dan Ihdad Bagi Wanita Karir.” Al-Hukama’ 6 (2): 275–97. https://doi.org/10.15642/alhukama.2016.6.2.275-297.
Wahbah al-Zuhaili. n.d. Fiqh Al-Islami Wa Adillatuhu. Vol. IX. Dimasyq.
———. 2006. Qadaya Al-Fiqh Wa Al-Fiqh Al-Mu’ashir. Cet. I. Dimasyq: Dar al-Fikr.
Widya Ananda, Syifa Aulia, Widad Alfiyah Zayyan, and Imamul Arifin. 2021. “Pandangan Islam Tentang Wanita Karir Dan Ibu Rumah Tangga Dalam Bingkai Keluarga Dan Masyarakat.” Profetika: Jurnal Studi Islam 22 (2): 347–56. https://doi.org/10.23917/profetika.v22i2.16700.
Zahrah, Muhammad Abu. 2006. Usul Al-Fiqh. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Fikr al-’Arabi.
Zaidan, Abdul Karim. 1993. Al-Mufassal Fi Al-Ahkam Al-Marah Wa Al-Bait Al Muslim. Bairut: Muassasah al-Risalah li al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzih.