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December 25, 2023
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December 25, 2023
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December 25, 2023
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to ascertain the comparative analysis of religious blasphemy legislation in Egypt and Indonesia. This study also elucidates the implementation of religious blasphemy legislation in Egypt and Indonesia. This study involves comparative legal research. Comparative research was conducted to gather additional insights on the blasphemy laws in Egypt and Indonesia. This study employs library research methodology to gather both primary and secondary data. The findings of this study indicate that the legislation governing religious blasphemy in Indonesia is law number. 1/ PNPS/1965, but in Egypt it is article 98 of the Egyptian Penal Code. Additionally, this study discovered parallels in the implementation of religious blasphemy legislation in Egypt and Indonesia. The implementation of anti-blasphemy legislation in both nations frequently subjects defendants to a succession of grave human rights infringements perpetrated by both private individuals and government agents
Keywords
Religious BlasphemyEgyptIndonesia
Article Details
How to Cite
AR, Z., & Wahidin, W. (2023). The Legal Landscape: A Comparative Examination of Religious Blasphemy Enforcement in Egypt and Indonesia . DIKTUM: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum, 21(2), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.35905/diktum.v21i2.8118
References
- Abdullah Saeed, Arafat Mazhar, Kecia Ali, Maoud Sadri dkk. 2023. “Kebebasan Berekspresi Dalam Islam Menggugat Hukum Kemurtadan Dan Penodaan Agama.” In . Bandung: Mizan Pustaka.
Amin, Ma’ruf, and Hijrah Saputra. 2011. “Himpunan Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia Sejak 1975.” Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Chazawi, Adami. 2022. Hukum Pidana Positif Penghinaan. Media Nusa Creative (MNC Publishing).
Chick, Kristen. 2013. “N Brotherhood’s Egypt, Blasphemy Charges against Christians Surge Ahead,” 2013. https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/0522/In-Brotherhood-s-Egypt-blasphemy-charges-against-Christians-surge-ahead.
Christianto, Hwian. 2013. “The Significant Impact of Law Number 1/PNPS/1965.” Jurnal Yudisialudisial 6 (1): 1–16.
Crouch, Melissa A. 2011. “Law and Religion in Indonesia: The Constitutional Court and the Blasphemy Law.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 7: 1–46.
Eskin, Mehmet, Nazlı Baydar, Mayssah El-Nayal, Nargis Asad, Isa Multazam Noor, Mohsen Rezaeian, Ahmed M Abdel-Khalek, Fadia Al Buhairan, Hacer Harlak, and Motasem Hamdan. 2020. “Associations of Religiosity, Attitudes towards Suicide and Religious Coping with Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in 11 Muslim Countries.” Social Science & Medicine 265: 113390.
Faiz, Pan Mohamad. 2016. “The Protection of Civil and Political Rights by the Constitutional Court of Indonesia.” Indon. L. Rev. 6: 158.
Freedom House. n.d. “Policing Belief: The Impact of Blasphemy Laws on Human Rights - Egypt.” https://www.refworld.org/docid/4d5a700b2d.html.
Hasan, Noorhaidi. 2017. “Religious Diversity and Blasphemy Law: Understanding Growing Religious Conflict and Intolerance in Post-Suharto Indonesia.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 55 (1): 105–26.
Hasani, Ismail, and Bonar Tigor Naipospos. 2010. “Wajah Para ‘Pembela’ Islam: Radikalisme Agama Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Jaminan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan Di Jabodetabek Dan Jawa Barat.” Jakarta: Tim Setara Institute Dan Pustaka Masyarakat Setara.
Isntitute, The Tahrir. 2022. “Egypt’s Religious Minorities: The Legal Framework.” Isntitute, The Tahrir, 2022. https://timep.org/2022/01/06/egypts-religious-minorities-the-legal-framework/#:~:text=Finally%2C Article 98(f),thoughts with intent to inflame.
Lintang, Loresta Cahyaning, Adriano Martufi, and J W Ouwerker. 2020. “The Alternative Concepts of Blasphemy Law in Indonesia: Legal Comparison with Ireland and Canada.” Bestuur 9 (1): 13–25.
News, Compass Direct. 2006. “Egypt: Christian Convert from Islam Jailed.” Compass Direct News, 2006. http://archive.compassdirect.org/en/display.php?page=news〈=en&length=lo ng&idelement=4596&backpage=archives&critere=el-akkad&countryname=Egypt&rowc ur=0; %22Egyptian Convert from Islam Devastated by ’Delay Tactic.
O’Sullivan, Declan. 2003. “Egyptian Cases of Blasphemy and Apostasy against Islam: Takfir Al-Muslim.” The International Journal of Human Rights 7 (2): 97–137.
Peterson, Daniel. 2020. Islam, Blasphemy, and Human Rights in Indonesia: The Trial of Ahok. Routledge.
Press, Associated. 2007. “Egyptian Christian Convert Goes into Hiding Amid Death Threats.” Kuwait Times, 2007. http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTAxnzy2OTk2MA.
Ranalow, Stephen. 2000. “Bearing a Constitutional Cross Examining Blasphemy and the Judicial Role in Corway v. Independent Newspapers.” Trinity CL Rev. 3: 95.
Simanungkalit, Ully Tasya, and Amir Ilyas. 2020. “Pengawasan Aliran Kepercayaan Dan Penodaan Agama: Perspektif Penegakan Hukum Pidana.” Amanna Gappa, 132–44.
Susetyo, Heru, Farida Prihatini, Nurindah Hilimi, Intan Mahabah, Ira Apriyanti, and Suri Rahmadhani. 2020. “Keberlakuan Hukum Penodaan Agama Di Indonesia Antara Tertib Hukum Dan Tantangan Hak Asasi Manusia.” Perspektif Hukum, 72–100.
Sutkutė, Rūta. 2019. “Media, Stereotypes and Muslim Representation: World after Jyllands-Posten Muhammad Cartoons Controversy.” EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 6: 59–72.
Totten, Michael J. 2013. “Radical Islam’s Global Reaction: The Push for Blasphemy Laws.” World Affairs, 25–31.
Triwanto, Triwanto, and Esti Aryani. 2020. “The Urgency of Granting Authority to Assess Corruption Justice Collaborators.” Bestuur 8 (1): 60–69.
Uddin, Asma T. 2011. “Blasphemy Laws in Muslim-Majority Countries.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 9 (2): 47–55.
Wignyosoebroto, Soetandyo. 1994. “Dari Hukum Kolonial Ke Hukum Nasional: Dinamika Sosio-Politik Perkembangan Hukum Di Indonesia.” Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Williams, Alan. 2016. “Civil Society and Blasphemy Laws Following the Arab Uprisings: Cases From Egypt and Tunisia.” Columbia University.
References
Abdullah Saeed, Arafat Mazhar, Kecia Ali, Maoud Sadri dkk. 2023. “Kebebasan Berekspresi Dalam Islam Menggugat Hukum Kemurtadan Dan Penodaan Agama.” In . Bandung: Mizan Pustaka.
Amin, Ma’ruf, and Hijrah Saputra. 2011. “Himpunan Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia Sejak 1975.” Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Chazawi, Adami. 2022. Hukum Pidana Positif Penghinaan. Media Nusa Creative (MNC Publishing).
Chick, Kristen. 2013. “N Brotherhood’s Egypt, Blasphemy Charges against Christians Surge Ahead,” 2013. https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/0522/In-Brotherhood-s-Egypt-blasphemy-charges-against-Christians-surge-ahead.
Christianto, Hwian. 2013. “The Significant Impact of Law Number 1/PNPS/1965.” Jurnal Yudisialudisial 6 (1): 1–16.
Crouch, Melissa A. 2011. “Law and Religion in Indonesia: The Constitutional Court and the Blasphemy Law.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 7: 1–46.
Eskin, Mehmet, Nazlı Baydar, Mayssah El-Nayal, Nargis Asad, Isa Multazam Noor, Mohsen Rezaeian, Ahmed M Abdel-Khalek, Fadia Al Buhairan, Hacer Harlak, and Motasem Hamdan. 2020. “Associations of Religiosity, Attitudes towards Suicide and Religious Coping with Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in 11 Muslim Countries.” Social Science & Medicine 265: 113390.
Faiz, Pan Mohamad. 2016. “The Protection of Civil and Political Rights by the Constitutional Court of Indonesia.” Indon. L. Rev. 6: 158.
Freedom House. n.d. “Policing Belief: The Impact of Blasphemy Laws on Human Rights - Egypt.” https://www.refworld.org/docid/4d5a700b2d.html.
Hasan, Noorhaidi. 2017. “Religious Diversity and Blasphemy Law: Understanding Growing Religious Conflict and Intolerance in Post-Suharto Indonesia.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 55 (1): 105–26.
Hasani, Ismail, and Bonar Tigor Naipospos. 2010. “Wajah Para ‘Pembela’ Islam: Radikalisme Agama Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Jaminan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan Di Jabodetabek Dan Jawa Barat.” Jakarta: Tim Setara Institute Dan Pustaka Masyarakat Setara.
Isntitute, The Tahrir. 2022. “Egypt’s Religious Minorities: The Legal Framework.” Isntitute, The Tahrir, 2022. https://timep.org/2022/01/06/egypts-religious-minorities-the-legal-framework/#:~:text=Finally%2C Article 98(f),thoughts with intent to inflame.
Lintang, Loresta Cahyaning, Adriano Martufi, and J W Ouwerker. 2020. “The Alternative Concepts of Blasphemy Law in Indonesia: Legal Comparison with Ireland and Canada.” Bestuur 9 (1): 13–25.
News, Compass Direct. 2006. “Egypt: Christian Convert from Islam Jailed.” Compass Direct News, 2006. http://archive.compassdirect.org/en/display.php?page=news〈=en&length=lo ng&idelement=4596&backpage=archives&critere=el-akkad&countryname=Egypt&rowc ur=0; %22Egyptian Convert from Islam Devastated by ’Delay Tactic.
O’Sullivan, Declan. 2003. “Egyptian Cases of Blasphemy and Apostasy against Islam: Takfir Al-Muslim.” The International Journal of Human Rights 7 (2): 97–137.
Peterson, Daniel. 2020. Islam, Blasphemy, and Human Rights in Indonesia: The Trial of Ahok. Routledge.
Press, Associated. 2007. “Egyptian Christian Convert Goes into Hiding Amid Death Threats.” Kuwait Times, 2007. http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTAxnzy2OTk2MA.
Ranalow, Stephen. 2000. “Bearing a Constitutional Cross Examining Blasphemy and the Judicial Role in Corway v. Independent Newspapers.” Trinity CL Rev. 3: 95.
Simanungkalit, Ully Tasya, and Amir Ilyas. 2020. “Pengawasan Aliran Kepercayaan Dan Penodaan Agama: Perspektif Penegakan Hukum Pidana.” Amanna Gappa, 132–44.
Susetyo, Heru, Farida Prihatini, Nurindah Hilimi, Intan Mahabah, Ira Apriyanti, and Suri Rahmadhani. 2020. “Keberlakuan Hukum Penodaan Agama Di Indonesia Antara Tertib Hukum Dan Tantangan Hak Asasi Manusia.” Perspektif Hukum, 72–100.
Sutkutė, Rūta. 2019. “Media, Stereotypes and Muslim Representation: World after Jyllands-Posten Muhammad Cartoons Controversy.” EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 6: 59–72.
Totten, Michael J. 2013. “Radical Islam’s Global Reaction: The Push for Blasphemy Laws.” World Affairs, 25–31.
Triwanto, Triwanto, and Esti Aryani. 2020. “The Urgency of Granting Authority to Assess Corruption Justice Collaborators.” Bestuur 8 (1): 60–69.
Uddin, Asma T. 2011. “Blasphemy Laws in Muslim-Majority Countries.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 9 (2): 47–55.
Wignyosoebroto, Soetandyo. 1994. “Dari Hukum Kolonial Ke Hukum Nasional: Dinamika Sosio-Politik Perkembangan Hukum Di Indonesia.” Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Williams, Alan. 2016. “Civil Society and Blasphemy Laws Following the Arab Uprisings: Cases From Egypt and Tunisia.” Columbia University.
Amin, Ma’ruf, and Hijrah Saputra. 2011. “Himpunan Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia Sejak 1975.” Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Chazawi, Adami. 2022. Hukum Pidana Positif Penghinaan. Media Nusa Creative (MNC Publishing).
Chick, Kristen. 2013. “N Brotherhood’s Egypt, Blasphemy Charges against Christians Surge Ahead,” 2013. https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/0522/In-Brotherhood-s-Egypt-blasphemy-charges-against-Christians-surge-ahead.
Christianto, Hwian. 2013. “The Significant Impact of Law Number 1/PNPS/1965.” Jurnal Yudisialudisial 6 (1): 1–16.
Crouch, Melissa A. 2011. “Law and Religion in Indonesia: The Constitutional Court and the Blasphemy Law.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 7: 1–46.
Eskin, Mehmet, Nazlı Baydar, Mayssah El-Nayal, Nargis Asad, Isa Multazam Noor, Mohsen Rezaeian, Ahmed M Abdel-Khalek, Fadia Al Buhairan, Hacer Harlak, and Motasem Hamdan. 2020. “Associations of Religiosity, Attitudes towards Suicide and Religious Coping with Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in 11 Muslim Countries.” Social Science & Medicine 265: 113390.
Faiz, Pan Mohamad. 2016. “The Protection of Civil and Political Rights by the Constitutional Court of Indonesia.” Indon. L. Rev. 6: 158.
Freedom House. n.d. “Policing Belief: The Impact of Blasphemy Laws on Human Rights - Egypt.” https://www.refworld.org/docid/4d5a700b2d.html.
Hasan, Noorhaidi. 2017. “Religious Diversity and Blasphemy Law: Understanding Growing Religious Conflict and Intolerance in Post-Suharto Indonesia.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 55 (1): 105–26.
Hasani, Ismail, and Bonar Tigor Naipospos. 2010. “Wajah Para ‘Pembela’ Islam: Radikalisme Agama Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Jaminan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan Di Jabodetabek Dan Jawa Barat.” Jakarta: Tim Setara Institute Dan Pustaka Masyarakat Setara.
Isntitute, The Tahrir. 2022. “Egypt’s Religious Minorities: The Legal Framework.” Isntitute, The Tahrir, 2022. https://timep.org/2022/01/06/egypts-religious-minorities-the-legal-framework/#:~:text=Finally%2C Article 98(f),thoughts with intent to inflame.
Lintang, Loresta Cahyaning, Adriano Martufi, and J W Ouwerker. 2020. “The Alternative Concepts of Blasphemy Law in Indonesia: Legal Comparison with Ireland and Canada.” Bestuur 9 (1): 13–25.
News, Compass Direct. 2006. “Egypt: Christian Convert from Islam Jailed.” Compass Direct News, 2006. http://archive.compassdirect.org/en/display.php?page=news〈=en&length=lo ng&idelement=4596&backpage=archives&critere=el-akkad&countryname=Egypt&rowc ur=0; %22Egyptian Convert from Islam Devastated by ’Delay Tactic.
O’Sullivan, Declan. 2003. “Egyptian Cases of Blasphemy and Apostasy against Islam: Takfir Al-Muslim.” The International Journal of Human Rights 7 (2): 97–137.
Peterson, Daniel. 2020. Islam, Blasphemy, and Human Rights in Indonesia: The Trial of Ahok. Routledge.
Press, Associated. 2007. “Egyptian Christian Convert Goes into Hiding Amid Death Threats.” Kuwait Times, 2007. http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTAxnzy2OTk2MA.
Ranalow, Stephen. 2000. “Bearing a Constitutional Cross Examining Blasphemy and the Judicial Role in Corway v. Independent Newspapers.” Trinity CL Rev. 3: 95.
Simanungkalit, Ully Tasya, and Amir Ilyas. 2020. “Pengawasan Aliran Kepercayaan Dan Penodaan Agama: Perspektif Penegakan Hukum Pidana.” Amanna Gappa, 132–44.
Susetyo, Heru, Farida Prihatini, Nurindah Hilimi, Intan Mahabah, Ira Apriyanti, and Suri Rahmadhani. 2020. “Keberlakuan Hukum Penodaan Agama Di Indonesia Antara Tertib Hukum Dan Tantangan Hak Asasi Manusia.” Perspektif Hukum, 72–100.
Sutkutė, Rūta. 2019. “Media, Stereotypes and Muslim Representation: World after Jyllands-Posten Muhammad Cartoons Controversy.” EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 6: 59–72.
Totten, Michael J. 2013. “Radical Islam’s Global Reaction: The Push for Blasphemy Laws.” World Affairs, 25–31.
Triwanto, Triwanto, and Esti Aryani. 2020. “The Urgency of Granting Authority to Assess Corruption Justice Collaborators.” Bestuur 8 (1): 60–69.
Uddin, Asma T. 2011. “Blasphemy Laws in Muslim-Majority Countries.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 9 (2): 47–55.
Wignyosoebroto, Soetandyo. 1994. “Dari Hukum Kolonial Ke Hukum Nasional: Dinamika Sosio-Politik Perkembangan Hukum Di Indonesia.” Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Williams, Alan. 2016. “Civil Society and Blasphemy Laws Following the Arab Uprisings: Cases From Egypt and Tunisia.” Columbia University.