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The Polygamy of Sheikh Sulaiman Arrasuli: Negotiating Religious Authority and Identity in the Matrilineal Muslim Society of Minangkabau
Corresponding Author(s) : Mhd. Ilham Armi
KURIOSITAS: Media Komunikasi Sosial dan Keagamaan, Vol. 18 No. 1 (2025): Komunikasi Sosial dan Keagamaan
Abstract
This study analyzes how Sheikh Sulaiman Arrasuli (1871–1970) constructed his religious identity and authority through polygamous practices within the Minangkabau matrilineal system in the early 20th century. Using a qualitative-historiographical method, data were collected through documentation and written works of Sheikh Sulaiman Arrasuli. The data were analyzed using Erving Goffman's theoretical framework (social dramaturgy) and Charles Taylor's (authenticity) to reveal the process of identity negotiation. Findings indicate that the interaction between public performance and private negotiation in Sheikh Sulaiman Arrasuli's polygamous practice—with 17 wives—functioned as both a symbol of social prestige and a means of legitimizing religious authority in the public sphere (front stage). Meanwhile, in the private realm (back stage), a transformation occurred from commitment to monogamy toward polygamy as a result of negotiation between personal preferences and social expectations. The combination of Goffman's and Taylor's theoretical frameworks yields a deeper understanding of the construction of religious authority in the context of Islamic and cultural convergence. These findings offer insights into how ulama navigate public and private identities amid social change, while demonstrating the intersection of gender, religion, and culture in societies undergoing value transformation
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- Abdullah, T. (2018). Sekolah dan Politik: Pergerakan Kaum Muda di Sumatra Barat, 1927-1933 (M. Y. Zara (penerj.)). Suara Muhammadiyah.
- Abdullah, T. (2021). Panggilan Kemajuan: Sejarah Sosial Minangkabau, 1900-1927. Suara Muhammadiyah.
- Afandi, M., Ramdlany, A. A., Fauza, N., Ula, S. K., & Ubaidillah, M. F. (2024). Authority, Culture, and Sexuality in the Polygamy of Madurese Ulamas. Ahkam : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 24(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v24i1.36237
- Alip, M. I. (2021). Poligami dalam Persepsi Keluarga Muslim di Kota Gorontalo. Al-Mizan, 17(2), 339–358. https://doi.org/10.30603/am.v17i2.2414
- Armi, M. I. (2024). Japuik Tabao: Dialektika Poligami dalam Sistem Matrilineal (Konstruksi Realitas Adat Perkawinan di Minangkabau Abad 20). Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.
- Arrasuli, S. (1938). Pedoman Hidup di Alam Minangkabau: Menurut Garisan Adat dan Syara’. Snelpers Drukkerijh Islamijah.
- Asril. (2018). Syekh Sulaiman Arrasuli: Ulama Multi Talenta. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam, 8(16), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.15548/khazanah.v0i0.74
- Aziz, N., Rispalman, R., & Anggraini, T. (2023). Polygamy in the Perspective of Tafsīr Al-Aḥkām and Islamic Law: An Examination of the Gayo Luwes Community in Aceh, Indonesia. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 7(3), 1682–1707. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i3.20021
- Azizi, M. A. (2020). Makna Urang dalam Naskah Pedoman Hidup di Alam Minangkabau Karya Syekh sulaiman Ar-Rasuli. Universitas Paramadina.
- Blackwood, E. (2001). Representing Women: The Politics of Minangkabau Adat Writings. The Journal of Asian Studies, 60(1), 125–149. https://doi.org/10.2307/2659507
- Bryant, J. M. (2000). On Sources and Narratives in Historical Social Science: A Realist Critique of Positivist and Postmodernist Epistemologies. The British Journal of Sociology, 51(3), 489–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00489.x
- Chatra, E. (2005). Orang Jemputan: Regulasi Seksualitas Poligami di Minangkabau. Laboratorium FISIP Universitas Andalas.
- Chriss, J. J. (2015). Goffman, Parsons, and the Negational Self. Academicus International Scientific Journal, 11, 11–31. https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2015.11.01
- Dahli, Z. M., Umar, M., Mujiburohman, Sa’adah, & Seff, N. K. (2024). Delegitimization Of Religious Motives in Polygamy in Banjar Society. SYARIAH : Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran, 24(1), 119–135.
- Djoh, D. A., & Taranau, O. K. (2023). Studi Fenomenologis Poligami di Sumba Timur (Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Para Istri yang Dipoligami Mengambil Keputusan Untuk Memutuskan Ikatan Perkawinan Poligami Ditinjau dari Perspektif Gender). Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 7(2), 10133–10139. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v7i2.7949
- Duri, R. (2022). Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Praktik Poligami dalam Masyarakat (Studi Pada Pasangan Poligami Di Kecamatan Umbulharjo Kota Yogyakarta). El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga, 5(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.22373/ujhk.v5i1.15057
- Farid, M., & Hidayat, M. A. (2021). Perlawanan Perempuan Pesantren Terhadap Poligami Kiai Di Madura. Edukasi Islam: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(2), 992–1009. https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v10i01.1805
- Gani, F., Firdaus, & Azwar, Z. (2024). Analisis Fatwa Syekh Sulaiman Ar-Rasuli tentang Anjuran Poligami dan Implikasinya di Masyarakat Modern. Jurnal Inovasi Hukum dan Kebijakan, 5(4), 216–227.
- Goffman, E. (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. University of Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre.
- Gucandra, Y., Efendi, E., Mutathahirin, M., & Rahman, I. (2021). Islamic Education as an Instrument of Maqashid Al Syariah: Study of the Thought of Sheikh Sulaiman Ar-Rasuli. Diniyyah Jurnal, 8(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.63061/2w811j17
- Hafidz, Inayati, N. L., & Nashihin, H. (2023). Islamic Educational Strategies in Minimizing the Negative Impact of Polygamy on Family Mental Health: A Study in Glondong Village, Sawo, Yogyakarta. Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 12(4), 789–796. https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v12i04.7274
- Hakim, A. (2022). Reasons for Polygamy and Its Impact on Muslim Family Life: Experiences of Polygamous Perpetrators in Babat, Lamongan, Indonesia. JIL: Journal of Islamic Law, 3(1), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v3i1.529
- Hamdun, I., & Ridwan, M. S. (2020). Tinjauan Hukum Islam tentang Dampak Poligami terhadap Istri di Kabupaten Gowa. Qadauna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Keluarga Islam, 1(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.24252/qadauna.v1i1.11426
- Hamka. (1982). Ayahku: Riwayat Hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan Perjuangan Kaum Agama di Sumatra (4 ed.). Umminda.
- Iggers, G. G. (2005). Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Wesleyan University Press.
- Ilyas, Y. (1955). Syekh Sulaiman Arrasuli: Profil Ulama Pejuang (1871-1970). Sarana Grafika.
- Jasmi, K. (2020). Inyiak Sang Pejuang. Republika Penerbit. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=pufhDwAAQBAJ
- Kahn, J. S. (2020). Constituting the Minangkabau: Peasants, Culture and Modernity in Colonial Indonesia. Routledge.
- Kosim, M. (2015). Syekh Sulaiman Al-Rasuli Tokoh Pendidikan Islam Bercorak Kultural. Turast: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian, 3(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.15548/turast.v3i1.373
- Krier, J. (2000). The Marital Project: Beyond the Exchange of Men in Minangkabau Marriage. American Ethnologist, 27(4), 877–897. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2000.27.4.877
- Latief, M. S. (1988). Gerakan Kaum Tua di Minangkabau. IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
- MacCannell, D. (1973). Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings. American Journal of Sociology, 79(3), 589–603. https://doi.org/10.1086/225585
- Maimunah. (2015). The Unity Gait of Tarbiyah Islamiyah in Islamic Education in Minangkabau. Ta’dib, 20(1), 57–78. https://doi.org/10.19109/td.v20i1.327
- Mawardi, K. (2022). The Rejection of Kyai Nahdlatul Ulama totheAnti-Polygamy Bill For The Dutch East Indies Colonial Government. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM), 10(4), 1057–1065. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i4.sh03
- Muzzammil, S., Affan, M., HS, M. A., & Masturiyah. (2021). Motif, Konstruksi, dan Keadilan Semu dalam Praktik Poligami Kiai Pesantren di Madura. Jurnal SMART (Studi Masyarakat, Religi, dan Tradisi), 7(1), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.18784/smart.v7i01.1207
- Noer, D. (1996). Aku Bagian Ummat Aku Bagian Bangsa: Otobiografi Deliar Noer. Penerbit Mizan.
- Putra, A., & Ahmad, C. (2011). Bibliografi Karya Ulama Minangkabau Awal Abad XX: Dinamika Intelektual Kaum Tua dan Kaum Muda. Komunitas Suluah (Suaka Luhung Naskah).
- Putri, S. M. (2018). Perempuan dan Modernitas: Perubahan Adat Perkawinan Minangkabau Pada Awal Abad ke-20. Gre Publishing.
- Reenen, J. van. (1996). Central Pillars of the House: Sisters, Wives, and Mothers in a Rural Community in Minangkabau. Research School CNWS, Leiden University.
- Rusli, B. (1978). Ayah Kita.
- Sari, V. P. (2020). Poligami di Minangkabau Pada Masa Kolonial. Historia: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24127/hj.v8i1.2626
- Sari, V. P., Samry, W., & Midawati. (2021). Ruang Poligami dalam Budaya Minangkabau: Tinjauan Historis. Historia: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, 9(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.24127/hj.v9i2.3504
- Sarwan, & Kurniawan, A. (2012). Profil Sheikh Sulaiman Ar-Rasuli (1871M-1970M) Sebagai Pendakwah. Jurnal Al-Munir, 3(5), 134–146.
- Scheff, T. J. (2005). Looking-Glass Self: Goffman as Symbolic Interactionist. Symbolic Interaction, 28(2), 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2005.28.2.147
- Shofa, I. K., & Chairinisa, P. E. (2022). Polygamy in Minangkabau Tafsir: A Comparative Study of the Thoughts of Sulaiman Ar-Rasuli and Buya Hamka. Kontemplasi: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, 10(2), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.21274/kontem.v10i2.7249
- Solikin, N. (2021). Praktik Poligami Masyarakat Kalisat Rembang Pasuruan Tinjauan dalam Perspektif Teori Behavior. Islamika Inside: Jurnal Keislaman dan Humaniora, 7(1), 146–166. https://doi.org/10.35719/islamikainside.v7i1.149
- Stuers, C. V.-D. (2017). Sejarah Gerakan Perempuan Indonesia: Gerakan dan Pencapaian (E. Rosa, P. Ayunigtyas, & D. Istiani (penerj.)). Komunitas Bambu.
- Suri, S., Pagar, P., & Syahnan, M. (2023). Moral Justice and Social to Child in Family Polygamy in Public Malay City of Medan. Akademika : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 28(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.32332/akademika.v28i1.6513
- Taylor, C. (1991). The Ethics of Authenticity. Harvard University Press.
- Thabrani, A. M., & Kusairi, A. (2024). Lineage Continuity in the Tradition of Polygamy among Kyai of Islamic Boarding Schools in Madura. Islamuna: Jurnal Studi Islam, 10(1), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.19105/islamuna.v10i1.7074
- Triasa, A. R. (2024). Analisis Integrasi Agama dan Budaya Syekh Sulaiman Arrasuli dalam Roman Pedoman Hidup di Alam Minangkabau Menurut Garisan Adat dan Syara’ (Nasihat Siti Budiman). Jurnal Kajian Islam Interdisipliner, 9(2), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.14421/jkii.v9i2.1389
- Yunus, M. N. (1958). Sejarah Perjuangan Syekh Sulaiman Arrasuli dan Syekh Ibrahim Musa Parabek.
- Zed, M., Yunus, Y., Fahmi, K., Iska, S., Kosim, M., Zulkifli, Putra, A., Sholihin, M., Surikno, H., Arrasuli, B. K., & Taufik, M. (2021). Biografi Inyiak Canduang (Perjalanan Hidup dan Perjuangan Syekh Sulaiman Ar-Rasuli) (Indi Vidyafi Kausart Bena (ed.); 1 ed.). Raja Grafindo Persada.
- Zerubavel, E. (2024). Frame Analysis : Erving Goffman and the Sociocognitive Organization of Experience. Symbolic Interaction, 47(4), 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.1201
- Zulkifli. (2015). Pemikiran Pendidikan Islam Syekh Sulaiman Arrasuli dan Kitab Klasiknya. Turast: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian, 3(1), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.15548/turast.v3i1.377
References
Abdullah, T. (2018). Sekolah dan Politik: Pergerakan Kaum Muda di Sumatra Barat, 1927-1933 (M. Y. Zara (penerj.)). Suara Muhammadiyah.
Abdullah, T. (2021). Panggilan Kemajuan: Sejarah Sosial Minangkabau, 1900-1927. Suara Muhammadiyah.
Afandi, M., Ramdlany, A. A., Fauza, N., Ula, S. K., & Ubaidillah, M. F. (2024). Authority, Culture, and Sexuality in the Polygamy of Madurese Ulamas. Ahkam : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 24(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v24i1.36237
Alip, M. I. (2021). Poligami dalam Persepsi Keluarga Muslim di Kota Gorontalo. Al-Mizan, 17(2), 339–358. https://doi.org/10.30603/am.v17i2.2414
Armi, M. I. (2024). Japuik Tabao: Dialektika Poligami dalam Sistem Matrilineal (Konstruksi Realitas Adat Perkawinan di Minangkabau Abad 20). Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.
Arrasuli, S. (1938). Pedoman Hidup di Alam Minangkabau: Menurut Garisan Adat dan Syara’. Snelpers Drukkerijh Islamijah.
Asril. (2018). Syekh Sulaiman Arrasuli: Ulama Multi Talenta. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam, 8(16), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.15548/khazanah.v0i0.74
Aziz, N., Rispalman, R., & Anggraini, T. (2023). Polygamy in the Perspective of Tafsīr Al-Aḥkām and Islamic Law: An Examination of the Gayo Luwes Community in Aceh, Indonesia. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 7(3), 1682–1707. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i3.20021
Azizi, M. A. (2020). Makna Urang dalam Naskah Pedoman Hidup di Alam Minangkabau Karya Syekh sulaiman Ar-Rasuli. Universitas Paramadina.
Blackwood, E. (2001). Representing Women: The Politics of Minangkabau Adat Writings. The Journal of Asian Studies, 60(1), 125–149. https://doi.org/10.2307/2659507
Bryant, J. M. (2000). On Sources and Narratives in Historical Social Science: A Realist Critique of Positivist and Postmodernist Epistemologies. The British Journal of Sociology, 51(3), 489–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00489.x
Chatra, E. (2005). Orang Jemputan: Regulasi Seksualitas Poligami di Minangkabau. Laboratorium FISIP Universitas Andalas.
Chriss, J. J. (2015). Goffman, Parsons, and the Negational Self. Academicus International Scientific Journal, 11, 11–31. https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2015.11.01
Dahli, Z. M., Umar, M., Mujiburohman, Sa’adah, & Seff, N. K. (2024). Delegitimization Of Religious Motives in Polygamy in Banjar Society. SYARIAH : Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran, 24(1), 119–135.
Djoh, D. A., & Taranau, O. K. (2023). Studi Fenomenologis Poligami di Sumba Timur (Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Para Istri yang Dipoligami Mengambil Keputusan Untuk Memutuskan Ikatan Perkawinan Poligami Ditinjau dari Perspektif Gender). Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 7(2), 10133–10139. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v7i2.7949
Duri, R. (2022). Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Praktik Poligami dalam Masyarakat (Studi Pada Pasangan Poligami Di Kecamatan Umbulharjo Kota Yogyakarta). El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga, 5(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.22373/ujhk.v5i1.15057
Farid, M., & Hidayat, M. A. (2021). Perlawanan Perempuan Pesantren Terhadap Poligami Kiai Di Madura. Edukasi Islam: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(2), 992–1009. https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v10i01.1805
Gani, F., Firdaus, & Azwar, Z. (2024). Analisis Fatwa Syekh Sulaiman Ar-Rasuli tentang Anjuran Poligami dan Implikasinya di Masyarakat Modern. Jurnal Inovasi Hukum dan Kebijakan, 5(4), 216–227.
Goffman, E. (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. University of Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre.
Gucandra, Y., Efendi, E., Mutathahirin, M., & Rahman, I. (2021). Islamic Education as an Instrument of Maqashid Al Syariah: Study of the Thought of Sheikh Sulaiman Ar-Rasuli. Diniyyah Jurnal, 8(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.63061/2w811j17
Hafidz, Inayati, N. L., & Nashihin, H. (2023). Islamic Educational Strategies in Minimizing the Negative Impact of Polygamy on Family Mental Health: A Study in Glondong Village, Sawo, Yogyakarta. Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 12(4), 789–796. https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v12i04.7274
Hakim, A. (2022). Reasons for Polygamy and Its Impact on Muslim Family Life: Experiences of Polygamous Perpetrators in Babat, Lamongan, Indonesia. JIL: Journal of Islamic Law, 3(1), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v3i1.529
Hamdun, I., & Ridwan, M. S. (2020). Tinjauan Hukum Islam tentang Dampak Poligami terhadap Istri di Kabupaten Gowa. Qadauna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Keluarga Islam, 1(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.24252/qadauna.v1i1.11426
Hamka. (1982). Ayahku: Riwayat Hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan Perjuangan Kaum Agama di Sumatra (4 ed.). Umminda.
Iggers, G. G. (2005). Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Wesleyan University Press.
Ilyas, Y. (1955). Syekh Sulaiman Arrasuli: Profil Ulama Pejuang (1871-1970). Sarana Grafika.
Jasmi, K. (2020). Inyiak Sang Pejuang. Republika Penerbit. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=pufhDwAAQBAJ
Kahn, J. S. (2020). Constituting the Minangkabau: Peasants, Culture and Modernity in Colonial Indonesia. Routledge.
Kosim, M. (2015). Syekh Sulaiman Al-Rasuli Tokoh Pendidikan Islam Bercorak Kultural. Turast: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian, 3(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.15548/turast.v3i1.373
Krier, J. (2000). The Marital Project: Beyond the Exchange of Men in Minangkabau Marriage. American Ethnologist, 27(4), 877–897. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2000.27.4.877
Latief, M. S. (1988). Gerakan Kaum Tua di Minangkabau. IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
MacCannell, D. (1973). Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings. American Journal of Sociology, 79(3), 589–603. https://doi.org/10.1086/225585
Maimunah. (2015). The Unity Gait of Tarbiyah Islamiyah in Islamic Education in Minangkabau. Ta’dib, 20(1), 57–78. https://doi.org/10.19109/td.v20i1.327
Mawardi, K. (2022). The Rejection of Kyai Nahdlatul Ulama totheAnti-Polygamy Bill For The Dutch East Indies Colonial Government. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM), 10(4), 1057–1065. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i4.sh03
Muzzammil, S., Affan, M., HS, M. A., & Masturiyah. (2021). Motif, Konstruksi, dan Keadilan Semu dalam Praktik Poligami Kiai Pesantren di Madura. Jurnal SMART (Studi Masyarakat, Religi, dan Tradisi), 7(1), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.18784/smart.v7i01.1207
Noer, D. (1996). Aku Bagian Ummat Aku Bagian Bangsa: Otobiografi Deliar Noer. Penerbit Mizan.
Putra, A., & Ahmad, C. (2011). Bibliografi Karya Ulama Minangkabau Awal Abad XX: Dinamika Intelektual Kaum Tua dan Kaum Muda. Komunitas Suluah (Suaka Luhung Naskah).
Putri, S. M. (2018). Perempuan dan Modernitas: Perubahan Adat Perkawinan Minangkabau Pada Awal Abad ke-20. Gre Publishing.
Reenen, J. van. (1996). Central Pillars of the House: Sisters, Wives, and Mothers in a Rural Community in Minangkabau. Research School CNWS, Leiden University.
Rusli, B. (1978). Ayah Kita.
Sari, V. P. (2020). Poligami di Minangkabau Pada Masa Kolonial. Historia: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24127/hj.v8i1.2626
Sari, V. P., Samry, W., & Midawati. (2021). Ruang Poligami dalam Budaya Minangkabau: Tinjauan Historis. Historia: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, 9(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.24127/hj.v9i2.3504
Sarwan, & Kurniawan, A. (2012). Profil Sheikh Sulaiman Ar-Rasuli (1871M-1970M) Sebagai Pendakwah. Jurnal Al-Munir, 3(5), 134–146.
Scheff, T. J. (2005). Looking-Glass Self: Goffman as Symbolic Interactionist. Symbolic Interaction, 28(2), 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2005.28.2.147
Shofa, I. K., & Chairinisa, P. E. (2022). Polygamy in Minangkabau Tafsir: A Comparative Study of the Thoughts of Sulaiman Ar-Rasuli and Buya Hamka. Kontemplasi: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, 10(2), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.21274/kontem.v10i2.7249
Solikin, N. (2021). Praktik Poligami Masyarakat Kalisat Rembang Pasuruan Tinjauan dalam Perspektif Teori Behavior. Islamika Inside: Jurnal Keislaman dan Humaniora, 7(1), 146–166. https://doi.org/10.35719/islamikainside.v7i1.149
Stuers, C. V.-D. (2017). Sejarah Gerakan Perempuan Indonesia: Gerakan dan Pencapaian (E. Rosa, P. Ayunigtyas, & D. Istiani (penerj.)). Komunitas Bambu.
Suri, S., Pagar, P., & Syahnan, M. (2023). Moral Justice and Social to Child in Family Polygamy in Public Malay City of Medan. Akademika : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 28(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.32332/akademika.v28i1.6513
Taylor, C. (1991). The Ethics of Authenticity. Harvard University Press.
Thabrani, A. M., & Kusairi, A. (2024). Lineage Continuity in the Tradition of Polygamy among Kyai of Islamic Boarding Schools in Madura. Islamuna: Jurnal Studi Islam, 10(1), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.19105/islamuna.v10i1.7074
Triasa, A. R. (2024). Analisis Integrasi Agama dan Budaya Syekh Sulaiman Arrasuli dalam Roman Pedoman Hidup di Alam Minangkabau Menurut Garisan Adat dan Syara’ (Nasihat Siti Budiman). Jurnal Kajian Islam Interdisipliner, 9(2), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.14421/jkii.v9i2.1389
Yunus, M. N. (1958). Sejarah Perjuangan Syekh Sulaiman Arrasuli dan Syekh Ibrahim Musa Parabek.
Zed, M., Yunus, Y., Fahmi, K., Iska, S., Kosim, M., Zulkifli, Putra, A., Sholihin, M., Surikno, H., Arrasuli, B. K., & Taufik, M. (2021). Biografi Inyiak Canduang (Perjalanan Hidup dan Perjuangan Syekh Sulaiman Ar-Rasuli) (Indi Vidyafi Kausart Bena (ed.); 1 ed.). Raja Grafindo Persada.
Zerubavel, E. (2024). Frame Analysis : Erving Goffman and the Sociocognitive Organization of Experience. Symbolic Interaction, 47(4), 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.1201
Zulkifli. (2015). Pemikiran Pendidikan Islam Syekh Sulaiman Arrasuli dan Kitab Klasiknya. Turast: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian, 3(1), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.15548/turast.v3i1.377
