Date Log
Submitted
March 7, 2022
Accepted
November 23, 2022
Published
November 23, 2022
Metaverse And Hajj: The Meaning Of Muslims In Indonesia
Corresponding Author(s) : Henky Fernando
KURIOSITAS: Media Komunikasi Sosial dan Keagamaan, Vol. 15 No. 2 (2022): Kuriositas: Media Komunikasi Sosial dan Keagamaan (Sinta 3)
Abstract
This study describes and explains the meaning of Muslims in Indonesia in the discourse of the pilgrimage through the metaverse space. The description in this study will provide a more comprehensive discussion of the discourse of the pilgrimage through metaverse in the meaning of Muslims in Indonesia. This study uses a virtual ethnographic method, which emphasizes data collection through reading online news texts through the Google search engine using the search keyword “Wacana Ibadah Haji melalui Metaverse". The findings in this study show that the discourse of the pilgrimage through metaverse space such as visualization of Hajj symbols and imitation of Hajj practices through virtual reality (VR) methods, such as visualization of the Kaaba and the Grand Mosque. The two forms have significantly influenced the meaning of Muslims in Indonesia in evaluating the discourse of the pilgrimage through the metaverse space. This evaluation was shown by several religious organizations in Indonesia, such as the Indonesian Ulama Council, Nahdlatul Ulama, and Muhammadiyah.
Fernando, H., & Larasati, Y. G. (2022). Metaverse And Hajj: The Meaning Of Muslims In Indonesia. KURIOSITAS: Media Komunikasi Sosial Dan Keagamaan, 15(2), 195–217. https://doi.org/10.35905/kur.v15i2.2622
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References
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(9) Campbell, H. (2005). Making space for religion in Internet studies. In Information Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240591007625
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(13) Gautret, P., Benkouiten, S., Al-Tawfiq, J. A., & Memish, Z. A. (2016). Hajj-associated viral respiratory infections: A systematic review. In Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.12.008
(14) Han, S., & Han, H.-J. (2021). Analyzing Higher Education Instructors’ Perception of Augmented Reality-based Education. Journal of Digital Contents Society, 22(8), 1189–1198. https://doi.org/10.9728/dcs.2021.22.8.1189
(15) Hoover, S. M., & Park, J. K. (2020). Religion and Meaning in the Digital Age. In Belief in Media. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003063186-13
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(29) Park, S.-M., & Kim, Y.-G. (2022). A Metaverse: Taxonomy, Components, Applications, and Open Challenges. IEEE Access, 10, 4209–4251. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3140175
(30) Petrosyan Anait K., A. M. D. (2020). The Impact Of The Introduction Of The Metaverse Concept In The. Новые Вызовы Для Менеджмента Во Времена Неопределенност_и УДК, 247–252.
(31) Preston, J. (2021). Facebook , the metaverse and the monetisation of higher education. The Conversation.
(32) Prihartono, A. W. (2016). Surat Kabar & Konvergensi Media (Studi Deskriptif Kualitatif Model Konvergensi Media Pada Solopos). CHANEL, 4, No.1, 105–116. https://doi.org/10.12928/channel.v4i1.4210
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(34) Sparkes, M. (2021). What is a metaverse. New Scientist, 251(3348), 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(21)01450-0
(35) Sterelny, K. (2018). Religion re-explained. Religion, Brain and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2017.1323779
(36) Van Der Merwe, D. (2021). The Metaverse as Virtual Heterotopia. World Conference on Research In Social Scinces, Vienna, Austria.
(37) Wang, F.-Y., Qin, R., Wang, X., & Hu, B. (2022). MetaSocieties in Metaverse: MetaEconomics and MetaManagement for MetaEnterprises and MetaCities. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 9(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2022.3145165
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(39) Young Ko, S., Kun Chung, H., Kim, J.-I., & Shin, Y. (2021). A Study on the Typology and Advancement of Cultural Leisure-Based Metaverse. Softw. and Data Eng, 10(8), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.3745/KTSDE.2021.10.8.331
Sumber Website
(40) CNN Indonesia. (2022). Cara Kunjungi Virtual Ka'bah dan Ibadah Haji di Metaverse. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20220208131007-192-756449/cara-kunjungi-virtual-kabah-dan-ibadah-haji-di-metaverse .
(41) Damar, Agustinus M. (2022). Polemik Arab Saudi Bikin Kakbah di Metaverse, Bisa Buat Ibadah Haji?. https://www.liputan6.com/tekno/read/4881836/polemik-arab-saudi-bikin-kakbah-di-metaverse-bisa-buat-ibadah-haji.
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(43) Fauziah, Novi. (2022). Soal Haji Metaverse, Ustaz Ainul Yaqin: Kalau Untuk Pembelajaran Tidak Masalah. https://www.idxchannel.com/syariah/soal-haji-metaverse-ustaz-ainul-yaqin-kalau-untuk-pembelajaran-tidak-masalah.
(44) Kompas.com.(2022). Ramai Soal Ibadah Haji Virtual, Apa itu Metaverse?. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/02/09/21131121/ramai-soal-ibadah-haji-virtual-apa-itu-metaverse?page=all.
(45) Novianti, Nurul. (2022). Pendapat Ulama Soal Ibadah Haji Virtual di Metaverse, KH Asrorun: Hanya Sebatas Manasik Haji Saja. https://www.jejaksulsel.com/travel/pr-1652632787/pendapat-ulama-soal-ibadah-haji-virtual-di-metaverse-kh-asrorun-hanya-sebatas-manasik-haji-saja.
(46) Okezone.com. (2022). Muhammadiyah Tegaskan Haji Metaverse Tidak Sah, Ini Alasannya. https://muslim.okezone.com/read/2022/02/10/614/2545304/muhammadiyah-tegaskan-haji-metaverse-tidak-sah-ini-alasannya.
(47) Radar Cirebon.com. (2022). Kerajaan Arab Saudi Bangun Ka'bah di Metaverse, untuk Ibadah Haji Virtual?. https://www.radarcirebon.com/2022/02/09/kerajaan-arab-saudi-bangun-kabah-di-metaverse-untuk-ibadah-haji-virtual/.
(48) Syahid, Widya Michella Nur. (2022). Soal Ka'bah di Metaverse, PBNU: Konteksnya Edukasi Ibadah Haji Bukan Pengganti Ritual. https://www.inews.id/news/nasional/soal-kabah-di-metaverse-pbnu-konteksnya-edukasi-ibadah-haji-bukan-pengganti-ritual.
(50) Yulika, Nila Chrisna. (2022). MUI Sebut Kabah di Metaverse Digunakan Sebagai Simulasi Ibadah Haji. https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/4884948/mui-sebut-kabah-di-metaverse-digunakan-sebagai-simulasi-ibadah-haji.
References
(1) Abd El Ghany, M., Sharaf, H., & Hill-Cawthorne, G. A. (2016). Hajj vaccinations— facts, challenges, and hope. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.05.024
(2) Al-Ajarma, K. (2021). After hajj: Muslim pilgrims refashioning themselves. Religions. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12010036
(3) Amad Rofi. (2015). Hukum Islam dan Kesesatan : Fatwa-fatwa Nahdlatul Ulama Tentang Penyimpangan Ajaran. Journal Mahkamah, 9(1), 28–40. https://www.syekhnurjati.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/mahkamah/article/view/273/242
(4) Andok, M. (2018). Media, Religion and Public Sphere: International Trends and Hungarian Researches. KOME, 6(2), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.17646/KOME.2018.22
(5) Ansori, I. (2014). Perbedaan Metode Ijtihad Nahdlatul Ulama dan Muhammadiyah dalam Corak Fikih di Indonesia. NIZHAM: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 4(1), 126–142. https://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/index.php/nizham/article/view/878
(6) Baffeli, E. (2010). Internet dan Agama di Jepang: Inovasi, Representasi, dan Otoritas. Routledge.
(7) Bianchi, R. R. (2017). Reimagining the Hajj. Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6020036
(8) Cahyani, A. I. (2019). Formal Dalam Peraturan Haji Di Indonesia. El-Iqtishady, 1(2), 108.
(9) Campbell, H. (2005). Making space for religion in Internet studies. In Information Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240591007625
(10) Cheong, P. H., Poon, J. P. H., Huang, S., & Casas, I. (2009). The Internet highway and religious communities: Mapping and contesting spaces in religion-online. Information Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240903212466
(11) Davis, A., Murphy, J., Owens, D., Khazanchi, D., & Zigurs, I. (2009). Avatars, people, and virtual worlds: Foundations for research in metaverses. Journal of the Association for Information Systems. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00183
(12) Dionisio, J. D. N., III, W. G. B., & Gilbert, R. (2013). 3D Virtual worlds and the metaverse. ACM Computing Surveys, 45(3), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1145/2480741.2480751
(13) Gautret, P., Benkouiten, S., Al-Tawfiq, J. A., & Memish, Z. A. (2016). Hajj-associated viral respiratory infections: A systematic review. In Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.12.008
(14) Han, S., & Han, H.-J. (2021). Analyzing Higher Education Instructors’ Perception of Augmented Reality-based Education. Journal of Digital Contents Society, 22(8), 1189–1198. https://doi.org/10.9728/dcs.2021.22.8.1189
(15) Hoover, S. M., & Park, J. K. (2020). Religion and Meaning in the Digital Age. In Belief in Media. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003063186-13
(16) Hutchinson, J. (2016). An introduction to digital media research methods: how to research and the implications of new media data. Communication Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2016.1155307
(17) Izzaty, R. E., Astuti, B., & Cholimah, N. (2017). Tindakan Sosial Masyarakat Yang Telah Menunaikan Ibadah Haji. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 6(11), 951–952., 5–24.
(18) Ju Hyun, J. (2021). A Study on Education Utilizing Metaverse for Effective Communication in a Convergence Subject. International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication, 13(4), 129–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/IJIBC.2021.13.4.129
(19) Jumali, E. (2018). Management of Hajj funds in Indonesia. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues.
(20) Kang, S., Pal, J. S., & Eltahir, E. A. B. (2019). Future Heat Stress During Muslim Pilgrimage (Hajj) Projected to Exceed “Extreme Danger” Levels. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083686
(21) Krispendoff, K. (1993). Analisis Isi Pengantar Teori dan Metodologi. In Yogyakarta Penerbit Kanisius.
(22) Lee, L.-H., Braud, T., Zhou, P., Wang, L., Xu, D., Lin, Z., Kumar, A., Bermejo, C., & Hui, P. (2021). All One Needs to Know about Metaverse: A Complete Survey on Technological Singularity, Virtual Ecosystem, and Research Agenda. 14(8), 1–66. http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.05352
(23) Lombardi, J., & Lombardi, M. (2010). Opening the Metaverse (pp. 111–122). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-825-4_9
(24) Miswanto, A. (2016). Tanawu’ Al-Ibadah Di Muhammadiyah: Studi Terhadap Konsep Haji Tamattu’ Dengan Satu Sa’i Hasil Ijtihad Kh. Zen Fanani Magelang. Cakrawala: Jurnal Studi Islam, 11(1), 51–75. https://doi.org/10.31603/cakrawala.v11i1.100
(25) Murray, J. H. (2020). Virtual/reality: how to tell the difference. Journal of Visual Culture. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412920906253
(26) Nakavachara, V., & Saengchote, K. (2022). Is Metaverse LAND a good investment ? It depends on your unit of account ! February, 0–12.
(27) Ng, W. C., Lim, W. Y. B., Ng, J. S., Xiong, Z., Niyato, D., & Miao, C. (2021). Unified Resource Allocation Framework for the Edge Intelligence-Enabled Metaverse. http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.14325
(28) Ning, H., Wang, H., Lin, Y., Wang, W., & Dhelim, S. (2021). A Survey on Metaverse : the State-of-the-art , Technologies , Applications , and Challenges 1 Introduction 2 Recent advances of the Metaverse. A Survey on Metaverse: The State-of-the-Art, Technologies, Applications, and Challenges, 1–34.
(29) Park, S.-M., & Kim, Y.-G. (2022). A Metaverse: Taxonomy, Components, Applications, and Open Challenges. IEEE Access, 10, 4209–4251. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3140175
(30) Petrosyan Anait K., A. M. D. (2020). The Impact Of The Introduction Of The Metaverse Concept In The. Новые Вызовы Для Менеджмента Во Времена Неопределенност_и УДК, 247–252.
(31) Preston, J. (2021). Facebook , the metaverse and the monetisation of higher education. The Conversation.
(32) Prihartono, A. W. (2016). Surat Kabar & Konvergensi Media (Studi Deskriptif Kualitatif Model Konvergensi Media Pada Solopos). CHANEL, 4, No.1, 105–116. https://doi.org/10.12928/channel.v4i1.4210
(33) Siyaev, A., & Jo, G.-S. (2021). Towards Aircraft Maintenance Metaverse Using Speech Interactions with Virtual Objects in Mixed Reality. Sensors, 21(6), 2066. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062066
(34) Sparkes, M. (2021). What is a metaverse. New Scientist, 251(3348), 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(21)01450-0
(35) Sterelny, K. (2018). Religion re-explained. Religion, Brain and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2017.1323779
(36) Van Der Merwe, D. (2021). The Metaverse as Virtual Heterotopia. World Conference on Research In Social Scinces, Vienna, Austria.
(37) Wang, F.-Y., Qin, R., Wang, X., & Hu, B. (2022). MetaSocieties in Metaverse: MetaEconomics and MetaManagement for MetaEnterprises and MetaCities. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 9(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2022.3145165
(38) Xu, M., Niyato, D., Kang, J., Xiong, Z., Miao, C., & Kim, D. I. (2021). Wireless Edge-Empowered Metaverse: A Learning-Based Incentive Mechanism for Virtual Reality. http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.03776
(39) Young Ko, S., Kun Chung, H., Kim, J.-I., & Shin, Y. (2021). A Study on the Typology and Advancement of Cultural Leisure-Based Metaverse. Softw. and Data Eng, 10(8), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.3745/KTSDE.2021.10.8.331
Sumber Website
(40) CNN Indonesia. (2022). Cara Kunjungi Virtual Ka'bah dan Ibadah Haji di Metaverse. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20220208131007-192-756449/cara-kunjungi-virtual-kabah-dan-ibadah-haji-di-metaverse .
(41) Damar, Agustinus M. (2022). Polemik Arab Saudi Bikin Kakbah di Metaverse, Bisa Buat Ibadah Haji?. https://www.liputan6.com/tekno/read/4881836/polemik-arab-saudi-bikin-kakbah-di-metaverse-bisa-buat-ibadah-haji.
(42) Detiknet. (2022). Apa Itu Metaverse yang Bakal Hadirkan Ibadah Haji Virtual. https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-5934263/apa-itu-metaverse-yang-bakal-hadirkan-ibadah-haji-virtual.
(43) Fauziah, Novi. (2022). Soal Haji Metaverse, Ustaz Ainul Yaqin: Kalau Untuk Pembelajaran Tidak Masalah. https://www.idxchannel.com/syariah/soal-haji-metaverse-ustaz-ainul-yaqin-kalau-untuk-pembelajaran-tidak-masalah.
(44) Kompas.com.(2022). Ramai Soal Ibadah Haji Virtual, Apa itu Metaverse?. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/02/09/21131121/ramai-soal-ibadah-haji-virtual-apa-itu-metaverse?page=all.
(45) Novianti, Nurul. (2022). Pendapat Ulama Soal Ibadah Haji Virtual di Metaverse, KH Asrorun: Hanya Sebatas Manasik Haji Saja. https://www.jejaksulsel.com/travel/pr-1652632787/pendapat-ulama-soal-ibadah-haji-virtual-di-metaverse-kh-asrorun-hanya-sebatas-manasik-haji-saja.
(46) Okezone.com. (2022). Muhammadiyah Tegaskan Haji Metaverse Tidak Sah, Ini Alasannya. https://muslim.okezone.com/read/2022/02/10/614/2545304/muhammadiyah-tegaskan-haji-metaverse-tidak-sah-ini-alasannya.
(47) Radar Cirebon.com. (2022). Kerajaan Arab Saudi Bangun Ka'bah di Metaverse, untuk Ibadah Haji Virtual?. https://www.radarcirebon.com/2022/02/09/kerajaan-arab-saudi-bangun-kabah-di-metaverse-untuk-ibadah-haji-virtual/.
(48) Syahid, Widya Michella Nur. (2022). Soal Ka'bah di Metaverse, PBNU: Konteksnya Edukasi Ibadah Haji Bukan Pengganti Ritual. https://www.inews.id/news/nasional/soal-kabah-di-metaverse-pbnu-konteksnya-edukasi-ibadah-haji-bukan-pengganti-ritual.
(50) Yulika, Nila Chrisna. (2022). MUI Sebut Kabah di Metaverse Digunakan Sebagai Simulasi Ibadah Haji. https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/4884948/mui-sebut-kabah-di-metaverse-digunakan-sebagai-simulasi-ibadah-haji.
(2) Al-Ajarma, K. (2021). After hajj: Muslim pilgrims refashioning themselves. Religions. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12010036
(3) Amad Rofi. (2015). Hukum Islam dan Kesesatan : Fatwa-fatwa Nahdlatul Ulama Tentang Penyimpangan Ajaran. Journal Mahkamah, 9(1), 28–40. https://www.syekhnurjati.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/mahkamah/article/view/273/242
(4) Andok, M. (2018). Media, Religion and Public Sphere: International Trends and Hungarian Researches. KOME, 6(2), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.17646/KOME.2018.22
(5) Ansori, I. (2014). Perbedaan Metode Ijtihad Nahdlatul Ulama dan Muhammadiyah dalam Corak Fikih di Indonesia. NIZHAM: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 4(1), 126–142. https://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/index.php/nizham/article/view/878
(6) Baffeli, E. (2010). Internet dan Agama di Jepang: Inovasi, Representasi, dan Otoritas. Routledge.
(7) Bianchi, R. R. (2017). Reimagining the Hajj. Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6020036
(8) Cahyani, A. I. (2019). Formal Dalam Peraturan Haji Di Indonesia. El-Iqtishady, 1(2), 108.
(9) Campbell, H. (2005). Making space for religion in Internet studies. In Information Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240591007625
(10) Cheong, P. H., Poon, J. P. H., Huang, S., & Casas, I. (2009). The Internet highway and religious communities: Mapping and contesting spaces in religion-online. Information Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240903212466
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