Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to explore how an Indonesian doctoral student form and negotiate their identities while studying in the United States. Using a phenomenological approach, this study explores participants' experiences in detail through semi-structured interviews. The results show that the process of identity construction was dynamic and influenced by linguistic, academic, social and technological challenges. The participant experienced barriers to understanding informal English, intensive academic pressure and the demands of writing in native speaker standards. However, the participant showed resilience by strengthening their identities through time management strategies, independent learning using digital technologies, and identity reinforcement through everyday activities, especially cooking. These activities not only served as practical skills, but also as a medium to maintain emotional stability and cultural connection. This research confirms the importance of continued investment in cultural skills and learning languages as part of the cultural adaptation process. The results recommend that higher educational institutions provide contextualized support and be more sensitive to international students’ needs as they construct academic and social identities in a global environment.
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Article Details
References
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- Aladegbaiye, A. T., De Jong, M. D. T., & Beldad, A. (2022). How International Students’ Acculturation Motivation Develops over Time in an International Learning Environment: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of International Students, 12(2), 510–530. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12i2.3642
- Boonsuk, Y., & Fang, F. (2023). Re-envisaging English medium instruction, intercultural citizenship development, and higher education in the context of studying abroad. Language and Education, 37(3), 271–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2021.1996595
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis : A Practical Guide. SAGE Publications Ltd CN - BF. http://digital.casalini.it/9781526417305
- Cai, Y., Fang, F., Sun, H., & Jiang, L. (2022). Unpacking identity construction and negotiation: A case study of Chinese undergraduate students’ social and academic experiences while studying abroad. System, 110(August), 102896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102896
- Can, A., Poyrazli, S., & Pillay, Y. (2021). Eleven types of adjustment problems and psychological well-being among international students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 2021(91), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.91.1
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=gX1ZDwAAQBAJ
- Dey, M., Amelia, R., & Herawati, Y. W. (2023). Challenging the “Native Speaker” Ideal: The Impact of Native Speakerism on Language Education. Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Pembelajaran Bahasa, 17(2), 232. https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v17i2.122592
- Fang, F. (Gabriel), & Baker, W. (2018). ‘A more inclusive mind towards the world’: English language teaching and study abroad in China from intercultural citizenship and English as a lingua franca perspectives. Language Teaching Research, 22(5), 608–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168817718574
- Fang, F. G. (2017). World Englishes or English as a Lingua Franca: Where does English in China stand? English Today, 33(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078415000668
- Hicham, K., AlQbailat, N. M., Ismail, I. A., Qpilat, N. M., Al-Khawaldeh, N. N., Al-Shboul, O. K., & Masrar, F. Z. (2025). Interculturalizing ELT: Culture-based classes to enhance language skills and intercultural communicative competence dimensions. Ampersand, 14(March), 100221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2025.100221
- Kaesberg, Z., Schumacher, J., Bardwell, A., & Calvert, K. (2023). Effects of video technology on cooking self-efficacy of college students. Journal of American College Health, 71(8), 2562–2568. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1978462
- Knuutila, A., Neudert, L. M., & Howard, P. N. (2022). Who is afraid of fake news? Modeling risk perceptions of misinformation in 142 countries. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 3(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-97
- Lee, S.-J. (2024). Analyzing the Use of AI Writing Assistants in Generating Texts with Standard American English Conventions: A Case Study of ChatGPT and Bard. The CATESOL Journal, 35(1), 0–16. https://doi.org/10.5070/b5.25364
- Mahaputri, R. A., Dewi, F. R., & Purnawarman, P. (2021). Evaluating EFL Students’ Attitudes Towards Cultural Differences: Conversation analysis of Intercultural Communication. 546(Conaplin 2020), 445–451.
- Matsumoto, Y. (2018). Teachers’ Identities as ‘Non-native’ Speakers: Do They Matter in English as a Lingua Franca Interactions? BT - Criticality, Teacher Identity, and (In)equity in English Language Teaching : Issues and Implications (B. Yazan & N. Rudolph (eds.); pp. 57–79). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72920-6_4
- Meng, Q., Li, J., & Zhu, C. (2021). Towards an ecological understanding of Chinese international students’ intercultural interactions in multicultural contexts: Friendships, inhibiting factors and effects on global competence. Current Psychology, 40(4), 1517–1530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00280-3
- Meng, Q., Zhu, C., & Cao, C. (2018). Chinese international students’ social connectedness, social and academic adaptation: The mediating role of global competence. Higher Education, 75(1), 131–147.
- Park, E., Klieve, H., Tsurutani, C., & Harte, W. (2017). International students’ accented English—Communication difficulties and developed strategies. Cogent Education, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1314651
- Romero, E. D., & Bobkina, J. (2024). Towards a stance de-centring model for the foreign language classroom: Training 21st-century agents of change. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 54(June), 101603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101603
- Roozenbeek, J., Maertens, R., Herzog, S. M., Geers, M., Kurvers, R., Sultan, M., & van der Linden, S. (2022). Susceptibility to misinformation is consistent across question framings and response modes and better explained by myside bias and partisanship than analytical thinking. Judgment and Decision Making, 17(3), 547–573. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500003570
- Smith, J. A., Larkin, M., & Flowers, P. (2021). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis : Theory, Method and Research. SAGE Publications Ltd CN - BF. https://digital.casalini.it/9781529780796
- Sung, C. C. M. (2020). Exploring language identities in English as a lingua franca communication: experiences of bilingual university students in Hong Kong. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(2), 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1347138
- Surgenor, D., McLaughlin, C., McMahon-Beattie, U., & Burns, A. (2021). The use of video to maximise cooking skills. British Food Journal, 123(12), 3918–3937. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-04-2020-0317
- Terzi, E., Isik, U., Inan, B. C., Akyildiz, C., & Ustun, U. D. (2024). University students’ free time management and quality of life: the mediating role of leisure satisfaction. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01745-2
- Vasquez Diaz, K. R., & Iqbal, J. (2024). Challenges Faced by International Students in Understanding British Accents and Their Mitigation Strategies—A Mixed Methods Study. Education Sciences, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14070784
- Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Sheldon, K. M. (2018). Self-determined motivation for studying abroad predicts lower culture shock and greater well-being among international students: The mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 63(May), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.10.005
- Yu, B., & Wright, E. (2024). Paradoxes in intercultural communication, acculturation strategies and adaptation outcomes: international students in Hong Kong. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 4632, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2024.2407909
- Zhou, M., Wang, X., & Wang, R. (2025). Foreign language learning’s role in the development of global competence: A latent profile analysis. Acta Psychologica, 254(March), 104850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104850
References
Agarwal, D., Naaman, M., & Vashistha, A. (2025). Ai suggestions homogenize writing toward western styles and diminish cultural nuances. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–21.
Aladegbaiye, A. T., De Jong, M. D. T., & Beldad, A. (2022). How International Students’ Acculturation Motivation Develops over Time in an International Learning Environment: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of International Students, 12(2), 510–530. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12i2.3642
Boonsuk, Y., & Fang, F. (2023). Re-envisaging English medium instruction, intercultural citizenship development, and higher education in the context of studying abroad. Language and Education, 37(3), 271–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2021.1996595
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis : A Practical Guide. SAGE Publications Ltd CN - BF. http://digital.casalini.it/9781526417305
Cai, Y., Fang, F., Sun, H., & Jiang, L. (2022). Unpacking identity construction and negotiation: A case study of Chinese undergraduate students’ social and academic experiences while studying abroad. System, 110(August), 102896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102896
Can, A., Poyrazli, S., & Pillay, Y. (2021). Eleven types of adjustment problems and psychological well-being among international students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 2021(91), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.91.1
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=gX1ZDwAAQBAJ
Dey, M., Amelia, R., & Herawati, Y. W. (2023). Challenging the “Native Speaker” Ideal: The Impact of Native Speakerism on Language Education. Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Pembelajaran Bahasa, 17(2), 232. https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v17i2.122592
Fang, F. (Gabriel), & Baker, W. (2018). ‘A more inclusive mind towards the world’: English language teaching and study abroad in China from intercultural citizenship and English as a lingua franca perspectives. Language Teaching Research, 22(5), 608–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168817718574
Fang, F. G. (2017). World Englishes or English as a Lingua Franca: Where does English in China stand? English Today, 33(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078415000668
Hicham, K., AlQbailat, N. M., Ismail, I. A., Qpilat, N. M., Al-Khawaldeh, N. N., Al-Shboul, O. K., & Masrar, F. Z. (2025). Interculturalizing ELT: Culture-based classes to enhance language skills and intercultural communicative competence dimensions. Ampersand, 14(March), 100221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2025.100221
Kaesberg, Z., Schumacher, J., Bardwell, A., & Calvert, K. (2023). Effects of video technology on cooking self-efficacy of college students. Journal of American College Health, 71(8), 2562–2568. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1978462
Knuutila, A., Neudert, L. M., & Howard, P. N. (2022). Who is afraid of fake news? Modeling risk perceptions of misinformation in 142 countries. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 3(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-97
Lee, S.-J. (2024). Analyzing the Use of AI Writing Assistants in Generating Texts with Standard American English Conventions: A Case Study of ChatGPT and Bard. The CATESOL Journal, 35(1), 0–16. https://doi.org/10.5070/b5.25364
Mahaputri, R. A., Dewi, F. R., & Purnawarman, P. (2021). Evaluating EFL Students’ Attitudes Towards Cultural Differences: Conversation analysis of Intercultural Communication. 546(Conaplin 2020), 445–451.
Matsumoto, Y. (2018). Teachers’ Identities as ‘Non-native’ Speakers: Do They Matter in English as a Lingua Franca Interactions? BT - Criticality, Teacher Identity, and (In)equity in English Language Teaching : Issues and Implications (B. Yazan & N. Rudolph (eds.); pp. 57–79). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72920-6_4
Meng, Q., Li, J., & Zhu, C. (2021). Towards an ecological understanding of Chinese international students’ intercultural interactions in multicultural contexts: Friendships, inhibiting factors and effects on global competence. Current Psychology, 40(4), 1517–1530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00280-3
Meng, Q., Zhu, C., & Cao, C. (2018). Chinese international students’ social connectedness, social and academic adaptation: The mediating role of global competence. Higher Education, 75(1), 131–147.
Park, E., Klieve, H., Tsurutani, C., & Harte, W. (2017). International students’ accented English—Communication difficulties and developed strategies. Cogent Education, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1314651
Romero, E. D., & Bobkina, J. (2024). Towards a stance de-centring model for the foreign language classroom: Training 21st-century agents of change. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 54(June), 101603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101603
Roozenbeek, J., Maertens, R., Herzog, S. M., Geers, M., Kurvers, R., Sultan, M., & van der Linden, S. (2022). Susceptibility to misinformation is consistent across question framings and response modes and better explained by myside bias and partisanship than analytical thinking. Judgment and Decision Making, 17(3), 547–573. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500003570
Smith, J. A., Larkin, M., & Flowers, P. (2021). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis : Theory, Method and Research. SAGE Publications Ltd CN - BF. https://digital.casalini.it/9781529780796
Sung, C. C. M. (2020). Exploring language identities in English as a lingua franca communication: experiences of bilingual university students in Hong Kong. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(2), 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1347138
Surgenor, D., McLaughlin, C., McMahon-Beattie, U., & Burns, A. (2021). The use of video to maximise cooking skills. British Food Journal, 123(12), 3918–3937. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-04-2020-0317
Terzi, E., Isik, U., Inan, B. C., Akyildiz, C., & Ustun, U. D. (2024). University students’ free time management and quality of life: the mediating role of leisure satisfaction. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01745-2
Vasquez Diaz, K. R., & Iqbal, J. (2024). Challenges Faced by International Students in Understanding British Accents and Their Mitigation Strategies—A Mixed Methods Study. Education Sciences, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14070784
Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Sheldon, K. M. (2018). Self-determined motivation for studying abroad predicts lower culture shock and greater well-being among international students: The mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 63(May), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.10.005
Yu, B., & Wright, E. (2024). Paradoxes in intercultural communication, acculturation strategies and adaptation outcomes: international students in Hong Kong. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 4632, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2024.2407909
Zhou, M., Wang, X., & Wang, R. (2025). Foreign language learning’s role in the development of global competence: A latent profile analysis. Acta Psychologica, 254(March), 104850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104850

