Main Article Content
Abstract
Form-Focused Instruction (FFI) and Meaning-Focused Instruction (MFI) have been known in the field of English Language Teaching. However, since the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted education, the learning situations in a classroom can no longer rely on traditional ways. Following the shifts, this study aims to give an in-depth understanding of the implementation of FFI and MFI in an English language classroom at a senior high school in Indonesia after covid shift. This study uses a qualitative case study approach, and the data was collected through semi-structured interviews and then analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal an integrated implementation of FFI and MFI as well as increase in technology use. The use of explicit grammar instruction, corrective feedback, and structured learning based on Kurikulum Merdeka reflects the implementation of FFI. On the other hand, the implementation of MFI is reflected in collaborative and learner-centered activities, real-world examples, and a Genre-Based Approach (GBA). Additionally, due to the pandemic shift, digital tools also facilitated learning beyond traditional situations. Teachers are suggested to adapt to the digitalized era by equipping them with digital literacy. However, the study is highly contextual and the scope is limited to a single school. Future research with more expanded scope is needed.
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Article Details
References
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- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Ellis, R. (2001). Introduction: Investigating Form-Focused Instruction. Language Learning, 51(SUPPL. 1), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.2001.tb00013.x
- Ellis, R., Basturkmen, H., & Loewen, S. (2002). Doing focus-on-form. System, 30(4), 419–432. www.elsevier.com/locate/system
- Etikan, I. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
- Faiza, D., Bestari, A. C. Y., & Mayekti, M. H. (2022). Students’ Perception of Vlog as A Self-Learning Media in Speaking. Surakarta English and Literature Journal, 5(2), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.52429/selju.v5i2.7
- Huang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2023). Research on strategies for developing intercultural communicative competence for English majors. Region - Educational Research and Reviews, 5(5), 219. https://doi.org/10.32629/rerr.v5i5.1512
- Hudson, J. (2023). The digital turn in EAP: teachers’ perspectives on transitioning to blended or hybrid teaching post-Covid-19. Studies in Technology Enhanced Learning, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.21428/8c225f6e.ac86609b
- Ilyas, A. A., & Kaniadewi, N. (2023). Students’ Perception on the Use of Spotify to Improve Students’ Pronunciation. Inspiring: English Education Journal, 6(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.35905/inspiring.v6i2.6452
- Kemaloglu-Er, E. (2021). Form-Focused Instruction Evaluated by Actual Stakeholders: Isolated, Integrated, or Both? https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354816031
- Kidd, J. D., & Finlayson, M. P. (2010). Mental illness in the nursing workplace: A collective autoethnography. Contemporary Nurse, 36(1–2), 021–033. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2010.36.1-2.021
- Long, M., & Robinson, P. (1998). Focus on Form: Theory, Research, and Practice. In C. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.), Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition (pp. 15–41). Cambridge University Press.
- Magaldi, D., & Berler, M. (2020). Semi-structured interviews. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 4825–4830). Springer.
- Mart, Ç. T. (2019). A comparison of form-focused, content-based and mixed approaches to literature-based instruction to develop learners’ speaking skills. Cogent Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2019.1660526
- Mulyani, A., & Diana, N. (2024). STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVES ON THE INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN LANGUAGE LEARNING POST-COVID-19. In English Education and Applied Linguistics (EEAL) Journal (Vol. 7, Issue 1).
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- Nichols, B. H., Caplow, S., Franzen, R. L., McClain, L. R., Pennisi, L., & Tarlton, J. L. (2022). Pandemic shift: Meeting the challenges of moving post-secondary environmental education online. Environmental Education Research, 28(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2021.2007220
- Pawlak, M. (2006). The Place of Form-Focused Instruction in the Foreign Language Classroom. Wydział Pedagogiczno-Artystyczny UAM.
- Permata, I. W., & Purnawarman, P. (2024). Teacher’s Perspective on the Use of ICT in the Classroom: Teacher Elementary School Context. Inspiring: English Education Journal, 7(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.35905/inspiring.v7i1.7096
- Regulation of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 2024 Concerning Curriculum in Early Childhood Education, Primary Education and Secondary Education Levels, Pub. L. No. 12, https://peraturan.go.id/files/permendikbudristek-no-12-tahun-2024.pdf (2024). https://peraturan.go.id/files/permendikbudristek-no-12-tahun-2024.pdf
- Richter, M. S., Groft, J. Ν., & Prinsloo, L. (2007). Ethical issues surrounding studies with vulnerable populations: A case study of South African street children. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2007.19.2.117
- Salihu, A., Aliyu, M. M., & Nurchalis, N. F. (2024). Impact of Artificial Intelligence (Chatgpt and Google-Bard) on Undergraduates’ Creative Writing Skills at A University in Northeastern Nigeria. Inspiring: English Education Journal, 7(2), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.35905/inspiring.v7i2.9567
- Schmidt, R. W. (1990). The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning {.
- Spada, N., & Lightbown, P. M. (2008). Form-focused instruction: Isolated or integrated? TESOL Quarterly, 42(2), 181–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1545-7249.2008.tb00115.x
- Stern, H. H. (1992). The analytic-experiential dimension. Issues and Options in Language Teaching, 301–326.
- Sukirman, S. (2023). Exploring the Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic on English Language Teachers. Vision: Journal for Language and Foreign Language Learning, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.21580/vjv12i216998
- Tadesse, S., & Muluye, W. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Education System in Developing Countries: A Review. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 08(10), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.810011
- UNESCO. (2020, March 24). COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response. Https://Www.Unesco.Org/En/Articles/Covid-19-Educational-Disruption-and-Response.
- Wahyuningsih, S., & Kusumaningrum, I. (2022). Surakarta English and Literature Journal Implementation of E-learning in EFL Context during COVID-19: Teachers’ and Students’ Views at One School. Surakarta English and Literature Journal, 5(2). https://ejurnal.unsa.ac.id/
- Williamson, B., Eynon, R., & Potter, J. (2020). Pandemic politics, pedagogies and practices: digital technologies and distance education during the coronavirus emergency. In Learning, Media and Technology (Vol. 45, Issue 2, pp. 107–114). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1761641
- Woymo, T. H., Bachore, M. M., & Jobo, M. M. (2024). The Effects of Form-Focused Communicative Grammar Instruction on Students’ Speaking Fluency and Their Attitudes Toward Speaking Lessons. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 15(2), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1502.01
- Zhu, X., & Liu, J. (2020). Education in and After Covid-19: Immediate Responses and Long-Term Visions. In Postdigital Science and Education (Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. 695–699). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-020-00126-3
References
Alkan, H., & Bümen, N. T. (2017). Available online at ijci.wcci-international.org International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction 12(2) An action research on developing English speaking skills through asynchronous online learning conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY-NC-ND). In International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1891-6589
Anggraena, Y., Felicia, N., Ginanto, D. E., Pratiwi, I., Utama, B., Alhapip, L., & Widiaswati, D. (2022). Kurikulum untuk Pemulihan Pembelajaran.
BPS. (2024, February 21). Jumlah Sekolah, Guru, dan Murid Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) di Bawah Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Menurut Provinsi, 2023/2024.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Ellis, R. (2001). Introduction: Investigating Form-Focused Instruction. Language Learning, 51(SUPPL. 1), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.2001.tb00013.x
Ellis, R., Basturkmen, H., & Loewen, S. (2002). Doing focus-on-form. System, 30(4), 419–432. www.elsevier.com/locate/system
Etikan, I. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Faiza, D., Bestari, A. C. Y., & Mayekti, M. H. (2022). Students’ Perception of Vlog as A Self-Learning Media in Speaking. Surakarta English and Literature Journal, 5(2), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.52429/selju.v5i2.7
Huang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2023). Research on strategies for developing intercultural communicative competence for English majors. Region - Educational Research and Reviews, 5(5), 219. https://doi.org/10.32629/rerr.v5i5.1512
Hudson, J. (2023). The digital turn in EAP: teachers’ perspectives on transitioning to blended or hybrid teaching post-Covid-19. Studies in Technology Enhanced Learning, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.21428/8c225f6e.ac86609b
Ilyas, A. A., & Kaniadewi, N. (2023). Students’ Perception on the Use of Spotify to Improve Students’ Pronunciation. Inspiring: English Education Journal, 6(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.35905/inspiring.v6i2.6452
Kemaloglu-Er, E. (2021). Form-Focused Instruction Evaluated by Actual Stakeholders: Isolated, Integrated, or Both? https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354816031
Kidd, J. D., & Finlayson, M. P. (2010). Mental illness in the nursing workplace: A collective autoethnography. Contemporary Nurse, 36(1–2), 021–033. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2010.36.1-2.021
Long, M., & Robinson, P. (1998). Focus on Form: Theory, Research, and Practice. In C. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.), Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition (pp. 15–41). Cambridge University Press.
Magaldi, D., & Berler, M. (2020). Semi-structured interviews. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 4825–4830). Springer.
Mart, Ç. T. (2019). A comparison of form-focused, content-based and mixed approaches to literature-based instruction to develop learners’ speaking skills. Cogent Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2019.1660526
Mulyani, A., & Diana, N. (2024). STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVES ON THE INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN LANGUAGE LEARNING POST-COVID-19. In English Education and Applied Linguistics (EEAL) Journal (Vol. 7, Issue 1).
Nemalynne, A. A., Thelma, C. D., Shermaine, A. D., Jessica, R. L., Romelyn, T. L., Ryan, B. T., Nove Lheen, C. T., & Eisle Keith, R. T. (2023). Challenges in Teaching Science and its Transition to Post-Pandemic Education. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, 2(3), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajmri.v2i3.1195
Nichols, B. H., Caplow, S., Franzen, R. L., McClain, L. R., Pennisi, L., & Tarlton, J. L. (2022). Pandemic shift: Meeting the challenges of moving post-secondary environmental education online. Environmental Education Research, 28(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2021.2007220
Pawlak, M. (2006). The Place of Form-Focused Instruction in the Foreign Language Classroom. Wydział Pedagogiczno-Artystyczny UAM.
Permata, I. W., & Purnawarman, P. (2024). Teacher’s Perspective on the Use of ICT in the Classroom: Teacher Elementary School Context. Inspiring: English Education Journal, 7(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.35905/inspiring.v7i1.7096
Regulation of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 2024 Concerning Curriculum in Early Childhood Education, Primary Education and Secondary Education Levels, Pub. L. No. 12, https://peraturan.go.id/files/permendikbudristek-no-12-tahun-2024.pdf (2024). https://peraturan.go.id/files/permendikbudristek-no-12-tahun-2024.pdf
Richter, M. S., Groft, J. Ν., & Prinsloo, L. (2007). Ethical issues surrounding studies with vulnerable populations: A case study of South African street children. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2007.19.2.117
Salihu, A., Aliyu, M. M., & Nurchalis, N. F. (2024). Impact of Artificial Intelligence (Chatgpt and Google-Bard) on Undergraduates’ Creative Writing Skills at A University in Northeastern Nigeria. Inspiring: English Education Journal, 7(2), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.35905/inspiring.v7i2.9567
Schmidt, R. W. (1990). The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning {.
Spada, N., & Lightbown, P. M. (2008). Form-focused instruction: Isolated or integrated? TESOL Quarterly, 42(2), 181–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1545-7249.2008.tb00115.x
Stern, H. H. (1992). The analytic-experiential dimension. Issues and Options in Language Teaching, 301–326.
Sukirman, S. (2023). Exploring the Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic on English Language Teachers. Vision: Journal for Language and Foreign Language Learning, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.21580/vjv12i216998
Tadesse, S., & Muluye, W. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Education System in Developing Countries: A Review. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 08(10), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.810011
UNESCO. (2020, March 24). COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response. Https://Www.Unesco.Org/En/Articles/Covid-19-Educational-Disruption-and-Response.
Wahyuningsih, S., & Kusumaningrum, I. (2022). Surakarta English and Literature Journal Implementation of E-learning in EFL Context during COVID-19: Teachers’ and Students’ Views at One School. Surakarta English and Literature Journal, 5(2). https://ejurnal.unsa.ac.id/
Williamson, B., Eynon, R., & Potter, J. (2020). Pandemic politics, pedagogies and practices: digital technologies and distance education during the coronavirus emergency. In Learning, Media and Technology (Vol. 45, Issue 2, pp. 107–114). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1761641
Woymo, T. H., Bachore, M. M., & Jobo, M. M. (2024). The Effects of Form-Focused Communicative Grammar Instruction on Students’ Speaking Fluency and Their Attitudes Toward Speaking Lessons. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 15(2), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1502.01
Zhu, X., & Liu, J. (2020). Education in and After Covid-19: Immediate Responses and Long-Term Visions. In Postdigital Science and Education (Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. 695–699). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-020-00126-3

