Main Article Content
Abstract
Achieving spoken language proficiency in a second language (L2) has long been a challenge for learners. Traditional methods often rely on textbooks, grammar exercises, and classroom discussions, which may not adequately address the complexities of spoken interaction. As Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies evolve, new possibilities emerge for enhancing L2 learning, particularly in the crucial area of spoken language development. This qualitative study explores the potential of AI-powered tools and platforms to promote spoken language proficiency in L2 learners. The research investigates how learners engage with interactive AI tutors, virtual language environments, and speech recognition technologies to develop fluency, accuracy, and natural communication skills. In-depth semi-structured interviews will be conducted with a diverse group of L2 learners of varying language backgrounds and proficiency levels. Participants will be recruited from universities students in Malang, Indonesia. The interviews will explore their experiences using AI-powered language learning tools, focusing on perceived benefits, challenges, and impact on spoken language skills. Thematic analysis will be employed to identify recurring themes and patterns across the interview data. This analysis will seek to understand how learners perceive the effectiveness of AI tools in improving their spoken language proficiency, the specific features they find most helpful, and any perceived limitations or challenges. The result revealed that there is growing body of research on AI-powered language learning by providing insights into the specific ways learners interact with and benefit from these technologies in terms of spoken language development. Also, the design and development of more effective AI-powered tools for L2 learning, particularly focusing on enhancing spoken language proficiency in a personalized and engaging manner.
Keywords
Article Details
References
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- Adipat, S. (2023). An Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Phenomenon-Based Learning Approach for Interdisciplinary Understanding and Speaking Skills. International Journal of Instruction, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.16329a
- Adma, A. N. I., & Lestari, D. P. (2021). Conversational Speech Emotion Recognition From Indonesian Spoken Language Using Recurrent Neural Network-Based Model. Proceedings - 2021 8th International Conference on Advanced Informatics: Concepts, Theory, and Application, ICAICTA 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAICTA53211.2021.9640273
- Almelweth, H. (2022). The Effectiveness of a Proposed Strategy for Teaching Geography through Artificial Intelligence Applications in Developing Secondary School Students’ Higher-Order Thinking Skills and Achievement. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.12.03.18
- Angganing, P., Budiningsih, C. A., & Haryanto. (2022). The Profile of Students’ Communication Skills on Science Learning in Elementary Schools. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.01.14
- Anggarini, I. F., Nugraha, S. A., Hamdani, M. S., Kirana, A. S. C., Fakhrunisa’, M., & Anjayani, I. N. (2023). Storytelling as a media in speaking English for Indonesian EFL learners: A speech competition study. Journal of Research on English and Language Learning (J-REaLL), 4(1). https://doi.org/10.33474/j-reall.v4i1.19156
- Bienefeld, N., Kolbe, M., Camen, G., Huser, D., & Buehler, P. K. (2023). Human-AI teaming: leveraging transactive memory and speaking up for enhanced team effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1208019
- Cassol, H., Pétré, B., Degrange, S., Martial, C., Charland-Verville, V., Lallier, F., … Laureys, S. (2018). Qualitative thematic analysis of the phenomenology of near-death experiences. PLoS ONE, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193001
- Cherner, T., Fegely, A., Hou, C., & Halpin, P. (2023). AI-Powered Presentation Platforms for Improving Public Speaking Skills: Takeaways and Suggestions for Improvement. In Jl. of Interactive Learning Research (Vol. 34).
- Dewi Kartika Ardiyani, Edy Hidayat, & Rofi’ah. (2023). Zum Heutigen Aussprachetraining (ZHA): Honing German As A Foreign Language Pronunciation Online. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 13(02). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.02.02
- Ericsson, E., & Johansson, S. (2023). English speaking practice with conversational AI: Lower secondary students’ educational experiences over time. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100164
- Farida, L. A., Fahrur, R., Hajimia, H., & Kassymova, G. K. (2022). Beyond Pandemic: An Innovation of Teachers’ Scaffolding Talks in Teaching English. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.12.04.30
- Hoesny, M. U., Setyosari, P., Praherdhiono, H., & Suryati, N. (2023). The Correlation of Speaking Self-Efficacy, Speaking Proficiency and Gender in ESP Context. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.02.23
- Hu, P., Gong, Y., Lu, Y., & Ding, A. W. (2023). Speaking vs. listening? Balance conversation attributes of voice assistants for better voice marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2022.04.006
- Hujon, A. V., Singh, T. D., & Amitab, K. (2024). Neural machine translation systems for English to Khasi: A case study of an Austroasiatic language. Expert Systems with Applications, 238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121813
- Kasyidi, F., & Lestari, D. P. (2018). Identification of four class emotion from Indonesian spoken language using acoustic and lexical features. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 971(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/971/1/012048
- Khalaf Ismail Makhlouf, M. (2021). Effect of Artificial Intelligence-Based Application on Saudi Preparatory -Year Students’ EFL Speaking Skills at Albaha University. International Journal of English Language Education, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.5296/ijele.v9i2.18782
- Kiger, M. E., & Varpio, L. (2020). Thematic analysis of qualitative data. Medical Teacher, 42(8).
- Kim, H. S., Kim, N. Y., & Cha, Y. (2021). Is it beneficial to use ai chatbots to improve learners’ speaking performance? Journal of Asia TEFL, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2021.18.1.10.161
- Kim, H. W., McLaren, K. E., & Lee, Y. S. (2024). No influence of regular rhythmic priming on grammaticality judgment and sentence comprehension in English-speaking children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105760
- Kinouchi, T., & Kitaoka, N. (2022). A response generation method of chat-bot system using input formatting and reference resolution. 2022 9th International Conference on Advanced Informatics: Concepts, Theory and Applications, ICAICTA 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAICTA56449.2022.9932928
- Knight, R. (2023). Oracy and cultural capital: the transformative potential of spoken language. Literacy. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12343
- Kuddus, K. (2022). Artificial intelligence in language learning: Practices and prospects. In Advanced Analytics and Deep Learning Models. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119792437.ch1
- Kumar, T., Nukapangu, V., & Hassan, A. (2021). Effectiveness of Code-Switching in Language Classroom in India at Primary Level: A Case of L2 Teachers’ Perspectives. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.11.04.37
- Kurniawati, P., Lestari, D. P., & Khodra, M. L. (2018). Speech emotion recognition from Indonesian spoken language using acoustic and lexical features. 2017 20th Conference of the Oriental Chapter of International Committee for Coordination and Standardization of Speech Databases and Assessment Techniques, O-COCOSDA 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSDA.2017.8384467
- Lin, C. J., & Mubarok, H. (2021). Learning Analytics for Investigating the Mind Map-Guided AI Chatbot Approach in an EFL Flipped Speaking Classroom. Educational Technology and Society, 24(4).
- Lochmiller, C. R. (2021). Conducting thematic analysis with qualitative data. Qualitative Report, 26(6). https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.5008
- Mangera, E., Supratno, H., & Suyatno. (2023). Exploring the relationship between Transhumanist and Artificial Intelligence in the Education Context: Particularly Teaching and Learning Process at Tertiary Education. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.02.05
- Octaberlina, L. R. (2023). Exploring the Use of Digital Technology in English Language Teaching: Strategies and Methods for Effective Implementation. ENGLISH FRANCA : Academic Journal of English Language and Education, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.29240/ef.v7i1.6977
- Octaberlina, L. R., & Anggarini, I. F. (2020). Teaching Vocabulary Through Picture Cards in Islamic Elementary School A Case Study in Nida Suksa School, Thailand. Madrasah: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Dasar, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.18860/mad.v13i1.9649
- Octaberlina, L. R., Muslimin, A. I., & Rofiki, I. (2022). An Investigation on the Speaking Constraints and Strategies Used by College Students Studying English as EFL Learners. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21(9). https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.9.14
- Pesau, H. G., Immanuel, A. S., Sulastri, A., & van Luijtelaar, G. (2022). The role of daily spoken language on the performance of language tests: The Indonesian experience. Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672892200075X
- Pontecorvo, E., Higgins, M., Mora, J., Lieberman, A. M., Pyers, J., & Caselli, N. K. (2023). Learning a Sign Language Does Not Hinder Acquisition of a Spoken Language. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(4). https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_JSLHR-22-00505
- Ramadani, R. A., Putra, I. K. G. D., Sudarma, M., & Giriantari, I. A. D. (2021). A new technology on translating Indonesian spoken language into Indonesian sign language system. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3338-3346
- Raskova Octaberlina, L., & Ikhwanul Muslimin, A. (2022). Fostering Students’ Speaking Ability through English Club Activities. Arab World English Journal, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol13no3.27
- Rusmiyanto, R., Huriati, N., Fitriani, N., Tyas, N. K., Rofi’i, A., & Sari, M. N. (2023). The Role Of Artificial Intelligence (AI) In Developing English Language Learner’s Communication Skills. Journal on Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v6i1.2990
- Saeed Al-Sobhi, B. M., & Preece, A. S. (2018). Teaching English Speaking Skills to the Arab Students in the Saudi School in Kuala Lumpur: Problems and Solutions. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.6n.1p.1
- Safitri, N. E., Zahra, A., & Adriani, M. (2016). Spoken Language Identification with Phonotactics Methods on Minangkabau, Sundanese, and Javanese Languages. Procedia Computer Science, 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.04.047
- Simon, C., & Rajeswari, M. (2023). Voice-based Virtual Assistant with Security. Proceedings of the 2023 2nd International Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems, ICEARS 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEARS56392.2023.10085043
- Sparrow, R. (2023). Friendly AI will still be our master. Or, why we should not want to be the pets of super-intelligent computers. AI and Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01698-x
- Sundler, A. J., Lindberg, E., Nilsson, C., & Palmér, L. (2019). Qualitative thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. Nursing Open, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.275
- Tabiri, M. O., Jones-Mensah, I., Kongo, A. E., & Budu, G. (2022). Difficulties in Identifying the English Determiner System Among EFL students in Ghana: The Case of Francophone Students. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.12.03.27
- Vaismoradi, M., Jones, J., Turunen, H., & Snelgrove, S. (2016). Theme development in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v6n5p100
- Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing and Health Sciences, Vol. 15. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048
- Wang, C., Zheng, M., Bai, X., Li, Y., & Shen, W. (2023). Future of jobs in China under the impact of artificial intelligence. Finance Research Letters, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.103798
- Wijonarko, P., & Zahra, A. (2022). Spoken language identification on 4 Indonesian local languages using deep learning. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i6.4166
- Zahra, A., & Carson-Berndsen, J. (2013). LIMA: A spoken language identification framework. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 8113 LNAI. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01931-4_26
- Zanyar Nathir, G. (2023). The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technology on English Language Learning: A Literature Review. Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.53103/cjlls.v3i2.87
- Zou, B., Du, Y., Wang, Z., Chen, J., & Zhang, W. (2023). An Investigation Into Artificial Intelligence Speech Evaluation Programs With Automatic Feedback for Developing EFL Learners’ Speaking Skills. SAGE Open, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231193818
- Zou, B., Guan, X., Shao, Y., & Chen, P. (2023). Supporting Speaking Practice by Social Network-Based Interaction in Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Language Learning. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042872
References
Abdurrahman, A. I., & Zahra, A. (2021). Spoken language identification using i-vectors, x-vectors, plda and logistic regression. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.11591/EEI.V10I4.2893
Adipat, S. (2023). An Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Phenomenon-Based Learning Approach for Interdisciplinary Understanding and Speaking Skills. International Journal of Instruction, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.16329a
Adma, A. N. I., & Lestari, D. P. (2021). Conversational Speech Emotion Recognition From Indonesian Spoken Language Using Recurrent Neural Network-Based Model. Proceedings - 2021 8th International Conference on Advanced Informatics: Concepts, Theory, and Application, ICAICTA 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAICTA53211.2021.9640273
Almelweth, H. (2022). The Effectiveness of a Proposed Strategy for Teaching Geography through Artificial Intelligence Applications in Developing Secondary School Students’ Higher-Order Thinking Skills and Achievement. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.12.03.18
Angganing, P., Budiningsih, C. A., & Haryanto. (2022). The Profile of Students’ Communication Skills on Science Learning in Elementary Schools. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.01.14
Anggarini, I. F., Nugraha, S. A., Hamdani, M. S., Kirana, A. S. C., Fakhrunisa’, M., & Anjayani, I. N. (2023). Storytelling as a media in speaking English for Indonesian EFL learners: A speech competition study. Journal of Research on English and Language Learning (J-REaLL), 4(1). https://doi.org/10.33474/j-reall.v4i1.19156
Bienefeld, N., Kolbe, M., Camen, G., Huser, D., & Buehler, P. K. (2023). Human-AI teaming: leveraging transactive memory and speaking up for enhanced team effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1208019
Cassol, H., Pétré, B., Degrange, S., Martial, C., Charland-Verville, V., Lallier, F., … Laureys, S. (2018). Qualitative thematic analysis of the phenomenology of near-death experiences. PLoS ONE, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193001
Cherner, T., Fegely, A., Hou, C., & Halpin, P. (2023). AI-Powered Presentation Platforms for Improving Public Speaking Skills: Takeaways and Suggestions for Improvement. In Jl. of Interactive Learning Research (Vol. 34).
Dewi Kartika Ardiyani, Edy Hidayat, & Rofi’ah. (2023). Zum Heutigen Aussprachetraining (ZHA): Honing German As A Foreign Language Pronunciation Online. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 13(02). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.02.02
Ericsson, E., & Johansson, S. (2023). English speaking practice with conversational AI: Lower secondary students’ educational experiences over time. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100164
Farida, L. A., Fahrur, R., Hajimia, H., & Kassymova, G. K. (2022). Beyond Pandemic: An Innovation of Teachers’ Scaffolding Talks in Teaching English. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.12.04.30
Hoesny, M. U., Setyosari, P., Praherdhiono, H., & Suryati, N. (2023). The Correlation of Speaking Self-Efficacy, Speaking Proficiency and Gender in ESP Context. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.02.23
Hu, P., Gong, Y., Lu, Y., & Ding, A. W. (2023). Speaking vs. listening? Balance conversation attributes of voice assistants for better voice marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2022.04.006
Hujon, A. V., Singh, T. D., & Amitab, K. (2024). Neural machine translation systems for English to Khasi: A case study of an Austroasiatic language. Expert Systems with Applications, 238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121813
Kasyidi, F., & Lestari, D. P. (2018). Identification of four class emotion from Indonesian spoken language using acoustic and lexical features. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 971(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/971/1/012048
Khalaf Ismail Makhlouf, M. (2021). Effect of Artificial Intelligence-Based Application on Saudi Preparatory -Year Students’ EFL Speaking Skills at Albaha University. International Journal of English Language Education, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.5296/ijele.v9i2.18782
Kiger, M. E., & Varpio, L. (2020). Thematic analysis of qualitative data. Medical Teacher, 42(8).
Kim, H. S., Kim, N. Y., & Cha, Y. (2021). Is it beneficial to use ai chatbots to improve learners’ speaking performance? Journal of Asia TEFL, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2021.18.1.10.161
Kim, H. W., McLaren, K. E., & Lee, Y. S. (2024). No influence of regular rhythmic priming on grammaticality judgment and sentence comprehension in English-speaking children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105760
Kinouchi, T., & Kitaoka, N. (2022). A response generation method of chat-bot system using input formatting and reference resolution. 2022 9th International Conference on Advanced Informatics: Concepts, Theory and Applications, ICAICTA 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAICTA56449.2022.9932928
Knight, R. (2023). Oracy and cultural capital: the transformative potential of spoken language. Literacy. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12343
Kuddus, K. (2022). Artificial intelligence in language learning: Practices and prospects. In Advanced Analytics and Deep Learning Models. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119792437.ch1
Kumar, T., Nukapangu, V., & Hassan, A. (2021). Effectiveness of Code-Switching in Language Classroom in India at Primary Level: A Case of L2 Teachers’ Perspectives. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.11.04.37
Kurniawati, P., Lestari, D. P., & Khodra, M. L. (2018). Speech emotion recognition from Indonesian spoken language using acoustic and lexical features. 2017 20th Conference of the Oriental Chapter of International Committee for Coordination and Standardization of Speech Databases and Assessment Techniques, O-COCOSDA 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSDA.2017.8384467
Lin, C. J., & Mubarok, H. (2021). Learning Analytics for Investigating the Mind Map-Guided AI Chatbot Approach in an EFL Flipped Speaking Classroom. Educational Technology and Society, 24(4).
Lochmiller, C. R. (2021). Conducting thematic analysis with qualitative data. Qualitative Report, 26(6). https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.5008
Mangera, E., Supratno, H., & Suyatno. (2023). Exploring the relationship between Transhumanist and Artificial Intelligence in the Education Context: Particularly Teaching and Learning Process at Tertiary Education. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.02.05
Octaberlina, L. R. (2023). Exploring the Use of Digital Technology in English Language Teaching: Strategies and Methods for Effective Implementation. ENGLISH FRANCA : Academic Journal of English Language and Education, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.29240/ef.v7i1.6977
Octaberlina, L. R., & Anggarini, I. F. (2020). Teaching Vocabulary Through Picture Cards in Islamic Elementary School A Case Study in Nida Suksa School, Thailand. Madrasah: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Dasar, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.18860/mad.v13i1.9649
Octaberlina, L. R., Muslimin, A. I., & Rofiki, I. (2022). An Investigation on the Speaking Constraints and Strategies Used by College Students Studying English as EFL Learners. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21(9). https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.9.14
Pesau, H. G., Immanuel, A. S., Sulastri, A., & van Luijtelaar, G. (2022). The role of daily spoken language on the performance of language tests: The Indonesian experience. Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672892200075X
Pontecorvo, E., Higgins, M., Mora, J., Lieberman, A. M., Pyers, J., & Caselli, N. K. (2023). Learning a Sign Language Does Not Hinder Acquisition of a Spoken Language. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(4). https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_JSLHR-22-00505
Ramadani, R. A., Putra, I. K. G. D., Sudarma, M., & Giriantari, I. A. D. (2021). A new technology on translating Indonesian spoken language into Indonesian sign language system. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3338-3346
Raskova Octaberlina, L., & Ikhwanul Muslimin, A. (2022). Fostering Students’ Speaking Ability through English Club Activities. Arab World English Journal, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol13no3.27
Rusmiyanto, R., Huriati, N., Fitriani, N., Tyas, N. K., Rofi’i, A., & Sari, M. N. (2023). The Role Of Artificial Intelligence (AI) In Developing English Language Learner’s Communication Skills. Journal on Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v6i1.2990
Saeed Al-Sobhi, B. M., & Preece, A. S. (2018). Teaching English Speaking Skills to the Arab Students in the Saudi School in Kuala Lumpur: Problems and Solutions. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.6n.1p.1
Safitri, N. E., Zahra, A., & Adriani, M. (2016). Spoken Language Identification with Phonotactics Methods on Minangkabau, Sundanese, and Javanese Languages. Procedia Computer Science, 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.04.047
Simon, C., & Rajeswari, M. (2023). Voice-based Virtual Assistant with Security. Proceedings of the 2023 2nd International Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems, ICEARS 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEARS56392.2023.10085043
Sparrow, R. (2023). Friendly AI will still be our master. Or, why we should not want to be the pets of super-intelligent computers. AI and Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01698-x
Sundler, A. J., Lindberg, E., Nilsson, C., & Palmér, L. (2019). Qualitative thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. Nursing Open, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.275
Tabiri, M. O., Jones-Mensah, I., Kongo, A. E., & Budu, G. (2022). Difficulties in Identifying the English Determiner System Among EFL students in Ghana: The Case of Francophone Students. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.12.03.27
Vaismoradi, M., Jones, J., Turunen, H., & Snelgrove, S. (2016). Theme development in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v6n5p100
Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing and Health Sciences, Vol. 15. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048
Wang, C., Zheng, M., Bai, X., Li, Y., & Shen, W. (2023). Future of jobs in China under the impact of artificial intelligence. Finance Research Letters, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.103798
Wijonarko, P., & Zahra, A. (2022). Spoken language identification on 4 Indonesian local languages using deep learning. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i6.4166
Zahra, A., & Carson-Berndsen, J. (2013). LIMA: A spoken language identification framework. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 8113 LNAI. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01931-4_26
Zanyar Nathir, G. (2023). The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technology on English Language Learning: A Literature Review. Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.53103/cjlls.v3i2.87
Zou, B., Du, Y., Wang, Z., Chen, J., & Zhang, W. (2023). An Investigation Into Artificial Intelligence Speech Evaluation Programs With Automatic Feedback for Developing EFL Learners’ Speaking Skills. SAGE Open, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231193818
Zou, B., Guan, X., Shao, Y., & Chen, P. (2023). Supporting Speaking Practice by Social Network-Based Interaction in Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Language Learning. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042872

