Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate teachers' beliefs towards technology integration in English language teaching in the classroom and identify the factors that support and hinder them in using technology in English language teaching. The participants were five English teachers in one of the senior high schools in Central Java, Indonesia. The data was collected through observation and semi-structured interviews. The researchers conducted a thematic analysis to analyze the data. The findings indicated that the interaction between teachers and students plays an essential role in increasing students' participation and enthusiasm during the learning process. Moreover, the teachers’ beliefs contributed to affect the teachers’ attitudes to technology integration. Easy access to learning materials, communication, and coordination, effective distribution of learning materials, assignments, and questions, evaluating and providing quickly, and making the material more interesting became factors that support the teachers to implement technology in the classroom. Moreover, some of the barriers for teachers to use technology include distraction of students' focus, time constraints, limited technological capabilities, limited school internet facilities, and teachers' beliefs.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Ahmad Kusaini, E., Mahamod, Z., & Wan Mohammad, W. M. R. (2023). Relationship between Technological Components and Inventive Skills among Malay Language Teachers. Issues in Language Studies, 12(2), 174–191. https://doi.org/10.33736/ils.5511.2023
- Antonietti, C., Cattaneo, A., & Amenduni, F. (2022). Can teachers’ digital competence influence technology acceptance in vocational education? Computers in Human Behavior, 132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107266
- Arifani, Y., Hidayat, N., Mulyadi, D., & Wardhono, A. (2020). Enhancing Eap Learners’ Vocabulary Acquisition: an Investigation of Individual Sms-Based Reporting Activities. Teaching English with Technology, 20(5), 125–146. http://repository.unimus.ac.id/6073/1/ARTICLE7 %282%29.pdf
- Arifani, Y., Mindari, R., Hidayat, N., & Wicaksono, A. S. (2021). Basic psychological needs of in-service EFL teachers in blended professional training: voices of teachers and learners. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(6), 3868–3881. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1943691
- Carvalho, A. R., & Santos, C. (2021). ICT tools’ contributions in a technology-enhanced peer learning program involving EFL learners. Proceedings - IEEE 21st International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, ICALT 2021, 257–259. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT52272.2021.00083
- Chaaban, Y., & Ellili-Cherif, M. (2017). Technology integration in EFL classrooms: A study of Qatari independent schools. Education and Information Technologies, 22(5), 2433–2454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-016-9552-3
- Chen, M.-R. A., Hwang, G.-J., & Chang, Y.-Y. (2019). A reflective thinking-promoting approach to enhancing graduate students’ flipped learning engagement, participation behaviors, reflective thinking and project learning outcomes. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2288–2307. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12823
- Cheng, L., Antonenko, P. D., & Ritzhaupt, A. D. (2024). The impact of teachers’ pedagogical beliefs, self-efficacy, and technology value beliefs on 3D printing integration in K-12 science classrooms. Educational Technology Research and Development, 72(1), 181–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10276-3
- Chumpavan, S., Boonyarattanasoontorn, P., McIver, S., & Tampanich, S. (2024). Using Technology to Enhance Language Learning in the Digital Era. English Scholarship Beyond Borders, 10(2), 186–199. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85204382289&partnerID=40&md5=da18aaf110089f7a026242bc8764e43d
- Deiniatur, M., Cahyono, B. Y., Ivone, F. M., & Prayogo, J. A. (2024). English teachers’ beliefs and practices in integrating digital literacy in the language classroom. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education , 13(2), 1242–1251. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i2.25733
- Ding, A.-C. E., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A., Lu, Y.-H., & Glazewski, K. (2019). EFL teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and practices with regard to using technology. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 35(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2018.1537816
- Hassan, A., Gunied, H., Seyadi, A. Y., & Alkhaja, A. M. (2023). The Usage of Digital Media in Society. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 557, 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17746-0_12
- Hidayat, N. (2022). Online Teaching during the Covid-19 Crisis in Indonesia: Is It Effective? International Journal of Social Learning (IJSL), 2(3), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.47134/ijsl.v2i3.146
- Hidayat, N., Afdholy, N., & Arifani, Y. (2023). The effectiveness and challenges of online teaching of EFL teachers in the COVID-19 crisis. The International Journal of Humanities Education, 22(1), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0063/CGP/v22i01/95-114
- Hidayat, N., Setiawan, S., & Anam, S. (2023). Do EFL Teachers’ Digital Literacies Reflect Sociocultural Frameworks during Their Online Professional Development? Language Related Research, 14(1), 193–217. https://doi.org/10.52547/LRR.14.1.8
- Huang, F., & Teo, T. (2021). Examining the role of technology-related policy and constructivist teaching belief on English teachers’ technology acceptance: A study in Chinese universities. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(1), 441–460. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13027
- Jannah, S. M. (2025). Challenges In Teaching English Vocabulary To Special Needs Students Through Technology. 9(1), 85–91.
- Jeong, K.-O. (2022). Facilitating Sustainable Self-Directed Learning Experience with the Use of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052894
- Kim, C., Kim, M. K., Lee, C., Spector, J. M., & DeMeester, K. (2013). Teacher beliefs and technology integration. Teaching and Teacher Education, 29(1), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.08.005
- Li, L. (2014). Understanding language teachers’ practice with educational technology: A case from China. System, 46(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2014.07.016
- Li, Y., Garza, V., Keicher, A., & Popov, V. (2019). Predicting High School Teacher Use of Technology: Pedagogical Beliefs, Technological Beliefs and Attitudes, and Teacher Training. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 24(3), 501–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9355-2
- Liu, D., & Hai, Z. (2019). A study of correlation between technology knowledge and technology beliefs of EFL teachers in junior middle school. Proceedings - International Joint Conference on Information, Media, and Engineering, IJCIME 2019, 51–54. https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCIME49369.2019.00020
- Man, D., Chau, M. H., & Kong, B. (2021). Promoting student engagement with teacher feedback through rebuttal writing. Educational Psychology, 41(7), 883–901. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2020.1746238
- Maulidia, M., & DJ, M. Z. (2023). UNDERSTANDING OF INDONESIAN VOCATIONAL STUDENTS SELF-EFFICACY BELIEF IN LEARNING ENGLISH SPEAKING. Inspiring: English Education Journal, 6(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.35905/inspiring.v6i1.4690
- Muallim, M., Mustain, M., & Ulfa, S. M. (2024). Exploring Trends of Web-Based Vocabulary Learning Apps in Indonesian Research: A Systematic Literature Review. IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 12(2), 2124-2140.
- Muthmainnah, M., Cardoso, L., Alsbbagh, Y. A. M. R., Al Yakin, A., & Apriani, E. (2024). Advancing Sustainable Learning by Boosting Student Self-regulated Learning and Feedback Through AI-Driven Personalized in EFL Education. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1033 LNNS, 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63717-9_3
- Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A Step-by-Step Process of Thematic Analysis to Develop a Conceptual Model in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 16094069231205788. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
- Ochoa-Tataje, F., Alanya-Beltran, J., Ruiz-Salazar, J., Velarde-Vela, L., Perez-Peralta, E., & La-Chira-Loli, M. (2024). Beyond the classroom: Integrating cutting-edge pedagogies in 6G curriculum development. In 6G Security Education and Multidisciplinary Implementation (pp. 58–75). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7421-4.ch004
- Önalan, O., & Kurt, G. (2020). Exploring Turkish EFL teachers’ perceptions of the factors affecting technology integration: A case study. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(2), 626–646. https://doi.org/10.17263/JLLS.759264
- Petrík, Š., & Vašašová, Z. (2022). Relationship Between Interaction Style-Built Teacher Authority and Classroom Climate Dimensions. New Educational Review, 68, 107–118. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.22.68.2.08
- Pirbhai-Jetha, N., Boncoeur, P., & Bheekharry, N. (2021). Digital Learning for Millenials: IT in Eduation and/or IT for Education. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1299 AISC, 871–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4299-6_71
- Purwaningrum, A. Y., & Yusuf, F. N. (2019). Students’ voices towards the integration of mall to promote autonomous language learning. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Part F1483, 320–325. https://doi.org/10.1145/3323771.3323823
- Rezai, A., Soyoof, A., & Reynolds, B. L. (2024). Informal digital learning of English and EFL teachers’ job engagement: Exploring the mediating role of technological pedagogical content knowledge and digital competence. System, 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103276
- Rintaningrum, R. (2023). Technology integration in English language teaching and learning: Benefits and challenges. Cogent Education, 10(1), 2164690. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2164690
- Salleh, S. M., Musa, J., Jaidin, J. H., & Shahrill, M. (2021). Development of tvet teachers’ beliefs about technology enriched instruction through professional development workshops: Application of the technology acceptance model. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 13(2), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2021.13.02.003
- Shin, W. S., Han, I., & Kim, I. (2014). Teachers’ technology use and the change of their pedagogical beliefs in Korean educational context. International Education Studies, 7(8), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n8p11
- Sinatra, M., Limone, P., & Contini, P. (2017). Determinants of ict integration: A path model of teacher-related factors. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2017(Special Issue 2017), 771–779. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85038075740&partnerID=40&md5=2f2baa4afa51a55c01e5e7c5e967f9dc
- States, N. E., Lovig, C., Martin, K., Nennig, H. T., & Cole, R. S. (2023). Let Students Work: Analysis of the Role of Differing Facilitation on Student Engagement in a Large Stadium-Style Lecture Hall. Journal of Chemical Education, 100(11), 4237–4248. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00750
- Tennyson, R. D., & Park, O. C. (2013). Artificial intelligence and computer-based learning. In Instructional Technology: Foundations (pp. 319–342). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315060248
- Thapa, P., Jaheer Mukthar, K. P., & Aoun, M. (2024). The Role of Educators in Integrating Technology into Education: A Conceptual Proposition. In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control (Vol. 537, pp. 635–644). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62106-2_48
- Urazbayeva, G., Kussainova, R., Aibergen, A., Kaliyeva, A., & Kantayeva, G. (2024). Innovation Off the Bat: Bridging the ChatGPT Gap in Digital Competence among English as a Foreign Language Teachers. Education Sciences, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14090946
- Wang, C., & Winstead, L. (2016). Handbook of research on foreign language education in the digital age. In Handbook of Research on Foreign Language Education in the Digital Age. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0177-0
- Wang, J. (2024). In-Service Teachers’ Perceptions of Technology Integration in English as a Foreign Language Classrooms in China: A Multiple-Case Study. ECNU Review of Education, 7(2), 333–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/20965311231193692
- Wilson, M. L. (2023). The impact of technology integration courses on preservice teacher attitudes and beliefs: A meta-analysis of teacher education research from 2007–2017. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 55(2), 252–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1950085
- Zhao, W. (2024). A study of the impact of the new digital divide on the ICT competences of rural and urban secondary school teachers in China. Heliyon, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29186
References
Ahmad Kusaini, E., Mahamod, Z., & Wan Mohammad, W. M. R. (2023). Relationship between Technological Components and Inventive Skills among Malay Language Teachers. Issues in Language Studies, 12(2), 174–191. https://doi.org/10.33736/ils.5511.2023
Antonietti, C., Cattaneo, A., & Amenduni, F. (2022). Can teachers’ digital competence influence technology acceptance in vocational education? Computers in Human Behavior, 132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107266
Arifani, Y., Hidayat, N., Mulyadi, D., & Wardhono, A. (2020). Enhancing Eap Learners’ Vocabulary Acquisition: an Investigation of Individual Sms-Based Reporting Activities. Teaching English with Technology, 20(5), 125–146. http://repository.unimus.ac.id/6073/1/ARTICLE7 %282%29.pdf
Arifani, Y., Mindari, R., Hidayat, N., & Wicaksono, A. S. (2021). Basic psychological needs of in-service EFL teachers in blended professional training: voices of teachers and learners. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(6), 3868–3881. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1943691
Carvalho, A. R., & Santos, C. (2021). ICT tools’ contributions in a technology-enhanced peer learning program involving EFL learners. Proceedings - IEEE 21st International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, ICALT 2021, 257–259. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT52272.2021.00083
Chaaban, Y., & Ellili-Cherif, M. (2017). Technology integration in EFL classrooms: A study of Qatari independent schools. Education and Information Technologies, 22(5), 2433–2454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-016-9552-3
Chen, M.-R. A., Hwang, G.-J., & Chang, Y.-Y. (2019). A reflective thinking-promoting approach to enhancing graduate students’ flipped learning engagement, participation behaviors, reflective thinking and project learning outcomes. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2288–2307. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12823
Cheng, L., Antonenko, P. D., & Ritzhaupt, A. D. (2024). The impact of teachers’ pedagogical beliefs, self-efficacy, and technology value beliefs on 3D printing integration in K-12 science classrooms. Educational Technology Research and Development, 72(1), 181–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10276-3
Chumpavan, S., Boonyarattanasoontorn, P., McIver, S., & Tampanich, S. (2024). Using Technology to Enhance Language Learning in the Digital Era. English Scholarship Beyond Borders, 10(2), 186–199. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85204382289&partnerID=40&md5=da18aaf110089f7a026242bc8764e43d
Deiniatur, M., Cahyono, B. Y., Ivone, F. M., & Prayogo, J. A. (2024). English teachers’ beliefs and practices in integrating digital literacy in the language classroom. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education , 13(2), 1242–1251. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i2.25733
Ding, A.-C. E., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A., Lu, Y.-H., & Glazewski, K. (2019). EFL teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and practices with regard to using technology. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 35(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2018.1537816
Hassan, A., Gunied, H., Seyadi, A. Y., & Alkhaja, A. M. (2023). The Usage of Digital Media in Society. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 557, 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17746-0_12
Hidayat, N. (2022). Online Teaching during the Covid-19 Crisis in Indonesia: Is It Effective? International Journal of Social Learning (IJSL), 2(3), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.47134/ijsl.v2i3.146
Hidayat, N., Afdholy, N., & Arifani, Y. (2023). The effectiveness and challenges of online teaching of EFL teachers in the COVID-19 crisis. The International Journal of Humanities Education, 22(1), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0063/CGP/v22i01/95-114
Hidayat, N., Setiawan, S., & Anam, S. (2023). Do EFL Teachers’ Digital Literacies Reflect Sociocultural Frameworks during Their Online Professional Development? Language Related Research, 14(1), 193–217. https://doi.org/10.52547/LRR.14.1.8
Huang, F., & Teo, T. (2021). Examining the role of technology-related policy and constructivist teaching belief on English teachers’ technology acceptance: A study in Chinese universities. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(1), 441–460. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13027
Jannah, S. M. (2025). Challenges In Teaching English Vocabulary To Special Needs Students Through Technology. 9(1), 85–91.
Jeong, K.-O. (2022). Facilitating Sustainable Self-Directed Learning Experience with the Use of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052894
Kim, C., Kim, M. K., Lee, C., Spector, J. M., & DeMeester, K. (2013). Teacher beliefs and technology integration. Teaching and Teacher Education, 29(1), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.08.005
Li, L. (2014). Understanding language teachers’ practice with educational technology: A case from China. System, 46(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2014.07.016
Li, Y., Garza, V., Keicher, A., & Popov, V. (2019). Predicting High School Teacher Use of Technology: Pedagogical Beliefs, Technological Beliefs and Attitudes, and Teacher Training. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 24(3), 501–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9355-2
Liu, D., & Hai, Z. (2019). A study of correlation between technology knowledge and technology beliefs of EFL teachers in junior middle school. Proceedings - International Joint Conference on Information, Media, and Engineering, IJCIME 2019, 51–54. https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCIME49369.2019.00020
Man, D., Chau, M. H., & Kong, B. (2021). Promoting student engagement with teacher feedback through rebuttal writing. Educational Psychology, 41(7), 883–901. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2020.1746238
Maulidia, M., & DJ, M. Z. (2023). UNDERSTANDING OF INDONESIAN VOCATIONAL STUDENTS SELF-EFFICACY BELIEF IN LEARNING ENGLISH SPEAKING. Inspiring: English Education Journal, 6(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.35905/inspiring.v6i1.4690
Muallim, M., Mustain, M., & Ulfa, S. M. (2024). Exploring Trends of Web-Based Vocabulary Learning Apps in Indonesian Research: A Systematic Literature Review. IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 12(2), 2124-2140.
Muthmainnah, M., Cardoso, L., Alsbbagh, Y. A. M. R., Al Yakin, A., & Apriani, E. (2024). Advancing Sustainable Learning by Boosting Student Self-regulated Learning and Feedback Through AI-Driven Personalized in EFL Education. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1033 LNNS, 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63717-9_3
Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A Step-by-Step Process of Thematic Analysis to Develop a Conceptual Model in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 16094069231205788. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
Ochoa-Tataje, F., Alanya-Beltran, J., Ruiz-Salazar, J., Velarde-Vela, L., Perez-Peralta, E., & La-Chira-Loli, M. (2024). Beyond the classroom: Integrating cutting-edge pedagogies in 6G curriculum development. In 6G Security Education and Multidisciplinary Implementation (pp. 58–75). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7421-4.ch004
Önalan, O., & Kurt, G. (2020). Exploring Turkish EFL teachers’ perceptions of the factors affecting technology integration: A case study. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(2), 626–646. https://doi.org/10.17263/JLLS.759264
Petrík, Š., & Vašašová, Z. (2022). Relationship Between Interaction Style-Built Teacher Authority and Classroom Climate Dimensions. New Educational Review, 68, 107–118. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.22.68.2.08
Pirbhai-Jetha, N., Boncoeur, P., & Bheekharry, N. (2021). Digital Learning for Millenials: IT in Eduation and/or IT for Education. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1299 AISC, 871–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4299-6_71
Purwaningrum, A. Y., & Yusuf, F. N. (2019). Students’ voices towards the integration of mall to promote autonomous language learning. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Part F1483, 320–325. https://doi.org/10.1145/3323771.3323823
Rezai, A., Soyoof, A., & Reynolds, B. L. (2024). Informal digital learning of English and EFL teachers’ job engagement: Exploring the mediating role of technological pedagogical content knowledge and digital competence. System, 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103276
Rintaningrum, R. (2023). Technology integration in English language teaching and learning: Benefits and challenges. Cogent Education, 10(1), 2164690. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2164690
Salleh, S. M., Musa, J., Jaidin, J. H., & Shahrill, M. (2021). Development of tvet teachers’ beliefs about technology enriched instruction through professional development workshops: Application of the technology acceptance model. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 13(2), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2021.13.02.003
Shin, W. S., Han, I., & Kim, I. (2014). Teachers’ technology use and the change of their pedagogical beliefs in Korean educational context. International Education Studies, 7(8), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n8p11
Sinatra, M., Limone, P., & Contini, P. (2017). Determinants of ict integration: A path model of teacher-related factors. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2017(Special Issue 2017), 771–779. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85038075740&partnerID=40&md5=2f2baa4afa51a55c01e5e7c5e967f9dc
States, N. E., Lovig, C., Martin, K., Nennig, H. T., & Cole, R. S. (2023). Let Students Work: Analysis of the Role of Differing Facilitation on Student Engagement in a Large Stadium-Style Lecture Hall. Journal of Chemical Education, 100(11), 4237–4248. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00750
Tennyson, R. D., & Park, O. C. (2013). Artificial intelligence and computer-based learning. In Instructional Technology: Foundations (pp. 319–342). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315060248
Thapa, P., Jaheer Mukthar, K. P., & Aoun, M. (2024). The Role of Educators in Integrating Technology into Education: A Conceptual Proposition. In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control (Vol. 537, pp. 635–644). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62106-2_48
Urazbayeva, G., Kussainova, R., Aibergen, A., Kaliyeva, A., & Kantayeva, G. (2024). Innovation Off the Bat: Bridging the ChatGPT Gap in Digital Competence among English as a Foreign Language Teachers. Education Sciences, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14090946
Wang, C., & Winstead, L. (2016). Handbook of research on foreign language education in the digital age. In Handbook of Research on Foreign Language Education in the Digital Age. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0177-0
Wang, J. (2024). In-Service Teachers’ Perceptions of Technology Integration in English as a Foreign Language Classrooms in China: A Multiple-Case Study. ECNU Review of Education, 7(2), 333–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/20965311231193692
Wilson, M. L. (2023). The impact of technology integration courses on preservice teacher attitudes and beliefs: A meta-analysis of teacher education research from 2007–2017. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 55(2), 252–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1950085
Zhao, W. (2024). A study of the impact of the new digital divide on the ICT competences of rural and urban secondary school teachers in China. Heliyon, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29186

