Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates how volunteer teaching contributes to the development of teaching skills among English Education students at Universitas Sriwijaya. Although experiential learning is widely recognized in teacher education, there is limited empirical evidence on how non-mandatory volunteer teaching fosters pedagogical growth in the Indonesian EFL context, particularly at the university level. Addressing this gap, the study examines on how volunteer teaching influences students’ perception of the teaching profession, what specific teaching skills are developed, and what challenges arise during these experiences. Using a qualitative case study design, 23 purposively selected students participated in open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews guided by Kirkpatrick’s Evaluation Model. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic approach. The findings indicate that volunteer teaching enhanced participants’ lesson planning, classroom management, and instructional delivery, while also strengthening emotional resilience, adaptability, and professional identity. Challenges such as resource limitations, classroom discipline, and cultural adjustment prompted creative problem-solving, reinforcing instructional awareness. These results highlight the role of volunteer teaching as a practical bridge between academic preparation and real classroom demands, with implications for integrating structured volunteer opportunities into teacher education curricula in Indonesia.
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References
- Aguilar Cruz, P. J., Garrido-Yagüe, M. F., & Rodulfo-Elizalde, P. E. (2025). Pre-service Teachers’ Perspectives on Materials Development: A Case Study in Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 27(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.14483/22487085.20635
- Alshammari, A. E. A., Thomran, M., & Alshebami, A. S. (2023). Integration of Service-Learning Theory and Social Capital Theory in Volunteering Work for Sustainable Development: A Study of the Role of Education Curricula in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 15(18), 13312. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813312
- Amare, G., Gezu Shentema, M., Teshome, F., Tadesse, Y., Tsegaw, D., Birhane, D., Zayede, T., Fikadie Endehabtu, B., Minyihun, A., Tilahun, B., Abera Wordofa, M., Getachew, N., Wolde Daka, D., Lema, K., Yilma, M., Kiflie, A., Taye, G., Shiferaw, T., Birhanu, A., … Muleta, M. (2025). Exploring Behavioural Factors Influencing Data Quality and Utilization in Ethiopia’s Health Information Systems. Gates Foundation. https://doi.org/10.12688/verixiv.1150.1
- Barkhuizen, G. (Ed.). (2016). Language teacher identity research: An introduction. In Reflections on Language Teacher Identity Research (0 ed., pp. 9–19). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315643465-5
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publication, Inc. https://spada.uns.ac.id/pluginfile.php/510378/mod_resource/content/1/creswell.pdf
- Dalimunthe, M. B. (2022). Kirkpatrick Four-level Model Evaluation: An Evaluation Scale on the Preservice Teacher’s Internship Program. Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 6(2), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.23887/jere.v6i2.43535
- D’Rozario, V., Low, E. L., Avila, A. P., & Cheung, S. (2012). Service learning using English language teaching in pre-service teacher education in Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 32(4), 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2012.741764
- Ellis, T., Jola, C., & Cameron, A. (2024). Cultural adaptation and transitions within international higher education: University students’ experiences of studying abroad during the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic. PLOS ONE, 19(10), e0308134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308134
- Eyler, J., & Giles, D. E. (1999). Where’s the learning in service-learning? (1. ed). Jossey-Bass.
- Forster, D. J., Archer, J., & Tajin, R. (2015). Volunteering within Initial Teacher Education: Factors that Boost and Block Participation. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 40(40). https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2015v40n11.10
- Gonzalez, O. R., Garcia Yeste, C., Jiménez, J. M., & Ignatiou, Y. (2019). Student teachers volunteering in pre-service programmes in successful schools: Contributing to their successful training. Educación XX1, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.22620
- Gu, H., Mao, Y., & Wang, Q. (2022). Exploring EFL Teachers’ Emotions and the Impact on Their Sustainable Professional Development in Livestream Teaching: A Chinese Case Study. Sustainability, 14(14), 8264. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148264
- Kemendikbudristek. (2024). Program Kampus Mengajar: Meningkatkan pembelajaran di daerah 3T. Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia. https://kampusmerdeka.kemdikbud.go.id/program/mengajar
- Kirkpatrick, J. D., & Kirkpatrick, W. K. (2016). Kirkpatrick’s four levels of training evaluation. ATD Press.
- Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Practice Hall.
- Lee, C. P., Curtis, J. H., & Curran, M. E. (2018). Shaping the vision for service‐learning in language education. Foreign Language Annals, 51(1), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12329
- Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (Fourth edition). John Wiley & Sons.
- O’Flaherty, J., & Liddy, M. (2018). The impact of development education and education for sustainable development interventions: A synthesis of the research. Environmental Education Research, 24(7), 1031–1049. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2017.1392484
- Soong, H. (2013). Why volunteer? The complexities of international pre-service teachers’ intercultural adjustment experiences through community service engagement. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 41(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2012.753986
- Taisir, M., Sanusi, A., & Aprillah, A. (2025). Integrating Khidmah and Tarbiyah: A Service-Learning Model in Indonesia’s Islamic Boarding School Education. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 9(2), 347–368. https://doi.org/10.35723/ajie.v9i2.151
- Waiswa, R., Genza, G. M., Muwagga, M. A., & Itaaga, N. (2025). Exploring The Philosophy Behind Teachers’ Lesson Preparation Practices in Secondary Schools in Kayunga District, Uganda. 10(4).
- Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (Sixth edition). SAGE.
- Yu, B., & Wang, W. (2025). Using digital storytelling to promote language learning, digital skills and digital collaboration among English pre-service teachers. System, 129, 103577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103577
- Zurita, D. R., Jaya-Montalvo, M., Moreira-Arboleda, J., Raya-Diez, E., & Carrión-Mero, P. (2025). Sustainable development through service learning and community engagement in higher education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 26(1), 158–201. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-10-2023-0461
References
Aguilar Cruz, P. J., Garrido-Yagüe, M. F., & Rodulfo-Elizalde, P. E. (2025). Pre-service Teachers’ Perspectives on Materials Development: A Case Study in Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 27(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.14483/22487085.20635
Alshammari, A. E. A., Thomran, M., & Alshebami, A. S. (2023). Integration of Service-Learning Theory and Social Capital Theory in Volunteering Work for Sustainable Development: A Study of the Role of Education Curricula in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 15(18), 13312. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813312
Amare, G., Gezu Shentema, M., Teshome, F., Tadesse, Y., Tsegaw, D., Birhane, D., Zayede, T., Fikadie Endehabtu, B., Minyihun, A., Tilahun, B., Abera Wordofa, M., Getachew, N., Wolde Daka, D., Lema, K., Yilma, M., Kiflie, A., Taye, G., Shiferaw, T., Birhanu, A., … Muleta, M. (2025). Exploring Behavioural Factors Influencing Data Quality and Utilization in Ethiopia’s Health Information Systems. Gates Foundation. https://doi.org/10.12688/verixiv.1150.1
Barkhuizen, G. (Ed.). (2016). Language teacher identity research: An introduction. In Reflections on Language Teacher Identity Research (0 ed., pp. 9–19). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315643465-5
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publication, Inc. https://spada.uns.ac.id/pluginfile.php/510378/mod_resource/content/1/creswell.pdf
Dalimunthe, M. B. (2022). Kirkpatrick Four-level Model Evaluation: An Evaluation Scale on the Preservice Teacher’s Internship Program. Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 6(2), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.23887/jere.v6i2.43535
D’Rozario, V., Low, E. L., Avila, A. P., & Cheung, S. (2012). Service learning using English language teaching in pre-service teacher education in Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 32(4), 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2012.741764
Ellis, T., Jola, C., & Cameron, A. (2024). Cultural adaptation and transitions within international higher education: University students’ experiences of studying abroad during the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic. PLOS ONE, 19(10), e0308134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308134
Eyler, J., & Giles, D. E. (1999). Where’s the learning in service-learning? (1. ed). Jossey-Bass.
Forster, D. J., Archer, J., & Tajin, R. (2015). Volunteering within Initial Teacher Education: Factors that Boost and Block Participation. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 40(40). https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2015v40n11.10
Gonzalez, O. R., Garcia Yeste, C., Jiménez, J. M., & Ignatiou, Y. (2019). Student teachers volunteering in pre-service programmes in successful schools: Contributing to their successful training. Educación XX1, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.22620
Gu, H., Mao, Y., & Wang, Q. (2022). Exploring EFL Teachers’ Emotions and the Impact on Their Sustainable Professional Development in Livestream Teaching: A Chinese Case Study. Sustainability, 14(14), 8264. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148264
Kemendikbudristek. (2024). Program Kampus Mengajar: Meningkatkan pembelajaran di daerah 3T. Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia. https://kampusmerdeka.kemdikbud.go.id/program/mengajar
Kirkpatrick, J. D., & Kirkpatrick, W. K. (2016). Kirkpatrick’s four levels of training evaluation. ATD Press.
Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Practice Hall.
Lee, C. P., Curtis, J. H., & Curran, M. E. (2018). Shaping the vision for service‐learning in language education. Foreign Language Annals, 51(1), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12329
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (Fourth edition). John Wiley & Sons.
O’Flaherty, J., & Liddy, M. (2018). The impact of development education and education for sustainable development interventions: A synthesis of the research. Environmental Education Research, 24(7), 1031–1049. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2017.1392484
Soong, H. (2013). Why volunteer? The complexities of international pre-service teachers’ intercultural adjustment experiences through community service engagement. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 41(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2012.753986
Taisir, M., Sanusi, A., & Aprillah, A. (2025). Integrating Khidmah and Tarbiyah: A Service-Learning Model in Indonesia’s Islamic Boarding School Education. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 9(2), 347–368. https://doi.org/10.35723/ajie.v9i2.151
Waiswa, R., Genza, G. M., Muwagga, M. A., & Itaaga, N. (2025). Exploring The Philosophy Behind Teachers’ Lesson Preparation Practices in Secondary Schools in Kayunga District, Uganda. 10(4).
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (Sixth edition). SAGE.
Yu, B., & Wang, W. (2025). Using digital storytelling to promote language learning, digital skills and digital collaboration among English pre-service teachers. System, 129, 103577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103577
Zurita, D. R., Jaya-Montalvo, M., Moreira-Arboleda, J., Raya-Diez, E., & Carrión-Mero, P. (2025). Sustainable development through service learning and community engagement in higher education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 26(1), 158–201. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-10-2023-0461

